Co-operative and Alternative Finance for Agricultural/Food Communities : European Developments

Publisher PD

Solidarity Finance to Link Investors with Businesses

Publisher PD

The Co-operative Model in Practice : International Perspectives

Published with the support of the Scottish Government and the Economic & Social Research CouncilPublisher PD

Democratic Enterprise : Ethical Business for the 21st Century

Published with the support of the Scottish Government and the Economic and Social Research CouncilPublisher PD

Co-operative Entrepreneurship : Co-operate for growth

Published with the support of the Scottish Government and the Economic & Social Research CouncilPublisher PD

Developmentally regulated HEART STOPPER, a mitochondrially targeted L18 ribosomal protein gene, is required for cell division, differentiation, and seed development in Arabidopsis.

Evidence is presented for the role of a mitochondrial ribosomal (mitoribosomal) L18 protein in cell division, differentiation, and seed development after the characterization of a recessive mutant, heart stopper (hes). The hes mutant produced uncellularized endosperm and embryos arrested at the late globular stage. The mutant embryos differentiated partially on rescue medium with some forming callus. HES (At1g08845) encodes a mitochondrially targeted member of a highly diverged L18 ribosomal protein family. The substitution of a conserved amino residue in the hes mutant potentially perturbs mitoribosomal function via altered binding of 5S rRNA and/or influences the stability of the 50S ribosomal subunit, affecting mRNA binding and translation. Consistent with this, marker genes for mitochondrial dysfunction were up-regulated in the mutant. The slow growth of the endosperm and embryo indicates a defect in cell cycle progression, which is evidenced by the down-regulation of cell cycle genes. The down-regulation of other genes such as EMBRYO DEFECTIVE genes links the mitochondria to the regulation of many aspects of seed development. HES expression is developmentally regulated, being preferentially expressed in tissues with active cell division and differentiation, including developing embryos and the root tips. The divergence of the L18 family, the tissue type restricted expression of HES, and the failure of other L18 members to complement the hes phenotype suggest that the L18 proteins are involved in modulating development. This is likely via heterogeneous mitoribosomes containing different L18 members, which may result in differential mitochondrial functions in response to different physiological situations during development.Hongyu Zhang, Ming Luo, Robert C. Day, Mark J. Talbot, Aneta Ivanova, Anthony R. Ashton, Abed M. Chaudhury, Richard C. Macknight, Maria Hrmova, and Anna M. Koltuno

Using Patient Stories to Enhance Physiology Learning

Clinical cases can be used to stimulate student interest and facilitate learning of basic biomedical sciences. For a variety of reasons, these cases are usually paper-based and, therefore, are lacking in reality for the students. An alternative, to provide video clips of actual patients discussing their conditions and illustrating symptoms and signs, is discussed in this presentation.Keywords: Physiology learning, Problem-based Patient-base