Desarrollo dependiente y la segregación ocupacional por sexo

Analiza los efectos del desarrollo dependiente, en la posición de la mujer en el mercado de trabajo urbano. Examina el grado de segregación entre mujeres y hombres, la desigualdad relativa que surge de tal segregación y las posibilidades de lograr una mayor integración e igualdad en el futuro. Con base en datos de Lima, Perú, correspondientes al período 1940-1972, se critica los análisis que toman como punto de referencia una concepción dual de la economía, así como aquellos que plantean que dentro del contexto del desarrollo económico se modifican las condiciones de oferta de trabajo de la mujer. Estos enfoques no tienen en cuenta la influencia de la tipificación de ocupacio¬nes por género, en la operación del mercado de trabajo. Un análisis del período antes mencionado, permite plantear que la posición de la mujer en el mercado de trabajo está considerablemente limitada por su confinamiento a mercados de trabajo específicamente femeninos, lo que significa que la influen¬cia de cambios generales, como el dualismo creciente y los niveles de educación ascendente fueron diluidos por la estructura particular del trabajo femenino. Se plantea que la tipificación de trabajos por sexo delimita el patrón de recluta¬miento, porque los hombres y las mujeres no compiten entre sí por los mismos trabajos, así como la fase de orientación y capacitación para el trabajo de la mujer. La tipificación de los trabajos por sexo influye en todas las fases de la orientación, capacitación y reclutamiento para el trabajo. Se evidencia, que en términos estructurales, la división por género hace un corte transversal a la divi¬sión económica del trabajo, produciendo un pequeño número de ocupaciones "femeninas", dentro de casi todas las clases ocupacionales, en el sector formal e informal de la economía. Además, las mujeres no están distribuídas igualmente en estas ocupaciones "femeninas ", sino que tienden a concentrarse en aquellas que están en las clases más bajas y en las empresas más pequeñas. Se considera que cambios más estables, requieren modificaciones en la base estructural de la segregación por género. Lo anterior implica confrontar el pro¬blema de la tipificación de ocupaciones por sexo, así como el proceso de diferen¬ciación del trabajo por géneromujer, trabajo urbano, desigualdad

Reviewing Some Early Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers in Africa

This paper reviews some early interim and full PRSPs for countries with which the authors worked during 1999-2000 (Uganda, Burkina Faso, Tanzania, Mozambique, Mali and The Gambia). The purpose of the review is to compare and contrast how the PRSP process was established there. It finds that rapid progress was made in implementing the initiative in all the countries, increasing commitment to poverty reduction amongst government and donors and encouraging broader participation in the policy dialogue. However, there was considerable variation between the cases, reflecting different local contexts and capacities.Poverty;civil society, poverty analysis, civil society groups, poverty reduction strategy, ngos, participatory processes, civil society organizations, participatory poverty assessment, poverty monitoring, macroeconomic framework, participatory process, data sources, local government, household surveys, poverty impacts, political accountability, ngo, civil society participation, poverty line, poverty outcomes, poverty impact, data collection, participation processes, stakeholder analysis, reform program, local government officials, data availability, civil society organization, fiscal deficit, financial sector reform, analysis of budgetary processes, impact of liberalization, consultations with stakeholders, poverty reduction strategy paper, civil society stakeholders, local communities, national poverty reduction strategies, household survey, participatory poverty assessments, household consumption, implementation capacity, impacts of policy, distributional consequences, financial institutions, beneficiary assessments, nongovernmental organization, capacity constraints, distributional impacts, qualitative data, broad participation, fiscal sustainability, local people, incidence of public spending, quantitative participation process, participatory approaches, poverty assessments, representative household surveys, participatory analysis, impact of reforms, focus groups, citizen participation, national poverty reduction strategy, incidence of taxes, local authorities, participatory assessment, policy advocacy, representative household, statistical offices, civic groups, local governments, country capacity, country circumstances, social safety nets, household members, lack of assets, poverty strategies, household survey data, nongovernmental organizations, qualitative methods, financial programming, local institutions, country ownership

Insect pollinators: linking research and policy. Workshop report.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Pollinators interact with plants to underpin wider biodiversity, ecosystem function, ecosystem services to agricultural crops and ultimately human nutrition. The conservation of pollinators is thus an important goal. Pollinators and pollination represent a tractable example of how biodiversity can be linked to an ecosystem service. This represents a case study for exploring the impacts of various policy instruments aiming to halt/reverse the loss of ecosystem services. There is a need to understand how multiple pressures (e.g. habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation, climate change, pests and diseases, invasive species and environmental chemicals) can combine or interact to affect diversity, abundance and health of different pollinator groups. Decision makers need to balance consideration of the effects of single pressures on pollinators against the suite of other pressures on pollinators. For instance, the threat from pesticide use (with its high public and media profile) also needs to be considered in the context of the other threats facing pollinators and balanced against the need for food security. An independent review of the balance of risks across pollinator groups from pesticide use would help synthesise current knowledge into an accessible form for decision makers. To manage or lessen these threats to pollinators (wild and managed) and pollination requires improved knowledge about their basic ecology. We still need to know where and in what numbers different pollinator species occur, how they use different environments, how they interact with each other through shared plants and diseases and how wild pollinator abundance is changing. Decision makers need clear factual evidence for i) the relative contribution of different managed and wild pollinator groups to wildflower and crop pollination and ii) how this varies across different land-uses, ecosystems and regions. Addressing these basic and applied questions will improve our ability to forecast impacts on pollination service delivery to agricultural crops arising from current and future environmental changes, pesticide use and emerging diseases. The development of a long-term, multi-scale monitoring scheme to monitor trends in pollinator (wild and managed) population size and delivery of pollination services (ideally tied to data collection on land-use, pesticide applications and disease incidence at relevant spatial scales) would provide the evidence base for developing the effectiveness of policy and management interventions over time. Such a monitoring scheme would benefit from including research council organisations (e.g. CEH), governmental departments (e.g. Fera), universities, museums and NGOs (e.g. BBKA,SBA, Bumblebee Conservation Trust etc) Insect Pollinators: linking research and policy Workshop Report | 5 In the context of agricultural intensification and conservation we need to establish what type, quality and quantity of interventions (e.g. agri-environment schemes, protected areas) are needed, where to place them and how they can sustain different pollinator populations and effective pollination services. Current monitoring of the risks from diseases and pesticides requires broadening to consider other insects aside from honey bees, unless we can demonstrate that honey bees are good surrogates for all other pollinators. There is a need to increase confidence in regulatory risk assessments pertaining to pathogens and pesticides by incorporating other pollinator species, investigating chronic exposure to multiple chemicals and using field relevant dosages (specific to regions, not using other data sources as surrogates). At present the effects of spatial, social and temporal scales on the benefits stakeholders receive from pollination services are only beginning to be understood. Economic valuation of pollination services can help optimise the cost-effectiveness of service management measures and offer new opportunities to incentivise action or raise awareness among stakeholders. Novel tools and instruments (e.g. education and training) are needed to translate broad international (e.g. CBD, EU Biodiversity Strategy) and national (e.g. England‟s Biodiversity Strategy) policies into local actor (e.g. beekeeper, farmer, citizen scientist) contributions to meet biodiversity commitments Refocusing some public funding to link basic science to development of practical solutions (e.g. better crop protection products, improved disease resistance or treatment) could help science deliver better-targeted evidence for pollinator protection. Scientists need to make more use of opportunities (e.g. POSTnotes1; practitioner guides) to transfer knowledge to a broad audience in order to better influence decision maker and practitioner behaviours. Improved knowledge exchange between scientists and decision makers is important to combating threats to pollination. Central to this is improved understanding of the respective positions of policy makers and scientists. For instance, policy-makers usually need to be presented with a range of options to balance against other areas of policy. Science does not always arrive at a consensus due to uncertainties in data or models. Policy-makers need to understand that scientists are communicating the “best available knowledge at present” and that consequently it is not always possible to give a definitive answer

Insect pollinators: linking research and policy

International audienc