The utilization of heat from electric surface units by certain cooking utensils

1. The distribution of temperature over the surface of an electric unit was fairly uniform. The temperature at the outer edge was slightly lower than at any other position on the unit. 2. Enamelware, copper and black-bottom aluminum pans of the same size, shape, thickness and bottom surface contour were practically equal in cooking efficiency for heating water and for typical short time and long time cooking processes. The natural finish aluminum pan was slightly less efficient. 3. The encased units, Calrod, Chromalox and Corox, required the least time to complete various typical cooking processes. Open units required slightly longer time, and enclosed labyrinth, cast-in and cone reflector units took the longest time. 4. When preheated units were used the encased units required the least time for cooking. The open, cast-in and enclosed labyrinth units required a slightly longer time, while the cone reflector type required considerably longer time. 5. Teakettles and stew pans of the same material and of the same capacity required approximately the same time for heating water. 6. The material of the pan has comparatively little effect on the cooking efficiency of the pan. 7. A black bottom finish tends to increase to a slight degree the cooking efficiency of aluminum pans but does not increase the efficiency of enamelware utensils. 8. Various cooking operations require slightly less time on encased electric surface units than on the open, enclosed, cast-in, or cone reflector types. 9. A utensil for use on an electric unit should fit the unit and should have straight sides, a flat bottom surface and a well-fitting lid

The value of open-source clinical science in pandemic response: lessons from ISARIC

International audienc

ISARIC-COVID-19 dataset: A Prospective, Standardized, Global Dataset of Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19

The International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium (ISARIC) COVID-19 dataset is one of the largest international databases of prospectively collected clinical data on people hospitalized with COVID-19. This dataset was compiled during the COVID-19 pandemic by a network of hospitals that collect data using the ISARIC-World Health Organization Clinical Characterization Protocol and data tools. The database includes data from more than 705,000 patients, collected in more than 60 countries and 1,500 centres worldwide. Patient data are available from acute hospital admissions with COVID-19 and outpatient follow-ups. The data include signs and symptoms, pre-existing comorbidities, vital signs, chronic and acute treatments, complications, dates of hospitalization and discharge, mortality, viral strains, vaccination status, and other data. Here, we present the dataset characteristics, explain its architecture and how to gain access, and provide tools to facilitate its use