Knowledge, attitude and practice in relation to Antimicrobial residues in beef among residents in Dodoma Region

The safety of food of animal origin is of concern in the developing countries. Some of the antimicrobial agents that are used for the treatment of animal diseases seem to occur in the animal products. The knowledge, attitude and practice in relation to oxytetracycline (OTC) residues in beef among residents in Dodoma Region, Tanzania were evaluated. A cross sectional study included interviewing 254 randomly chosen respondents was conducted. Fifty two percent of the respondents were not aware of drug residues, 57% never heard about drug residues in food of animal origin such as milk and meat, 35% know residues can be harmful to human and 61% did not know if animals are treated with antimicrobial drugs when they were sick. Only 27% of the respondents knew common antimicrobial agents that cause residues in animal meat and milk and were able to mention. Majority of respondents (74%) did not know any method for the prevention of antimicrobial residues. Fifty six percent of the age group of 20-35 years purchased meat from butcheries. Secondary school (68.4%) and College (52.9%) respondents purchased meat from butcheries  compared to informal (23.8%) and primary (49.2%) respectively that purchased meat locally within the villages. Majority of informal (66.7%) and primary (47.6%) respondents purchased meat locally within the villages. The differences were strongly significant p< 0.0001. Women (57.1%) used one hour to prepare meat. Age group 20-35 years (88.1%) prepared meat by cooking. Age group of 36-45 years prepared meat for 1 hour and 2 hours. College respondents (68.8%) barbequing meat compared to smoking and freezing. The results in this study indicate that respondents had low knowledge and awareness on antimicrobial use and drug residues. This might be due to low level of education of respondents as majority of them had informal and primary education. Many of the drug respondents were not aware of the drug residues and did not know antibiotic residues can have effects in human health. Community based health education and promotion on antimicrobial use and preventing drug residues is highly recommended to this population. Key words: knowledge, attitude, practice, residues in beef, residents, Dodoma Region, Tanzani

Detection and Quantification of Oestrogenic Endocrine Disruptors in Water in Mwanza Gulf in the Lake Victoria Basin, Tanzania

The aim of this study was to detect the presence and quantify the total oestrogens (estriol (E1), estradiol (E2), and estrone (E3)) in Lake Victoria water with a view of assessing their contribution to the health status of fish. A total of 27 water samples; three from each of the nine sampling sites were collected in Mwanza gulf in the city in May 2012. Solvent extraction procedures were used to obtain extracts of pollutants that were further analysed using the competitive Enzyme- Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique to detect and quantify the total oestrogens. Overall, the concentration of total oestrogens was low and ranged from 10 – 200 pg/L. Concentrations of these chemicals decreased along the gradient, being highest (107±81.4 pg/L) in rivers before entering into the lake and lowest (19±5.4 pg/L) in water samples collected in the lake at about 100 meters from inshore (intermediate sampling points). Levels of total oestrogens were significantly different between categories of water sources (P = 0.009). Two most polluted rivers were Butimba and Nyakurunduma with concentrations at 150 pg/L and 200 pg/L respectively. Dumping of wastes in rivers without treatment was the most likely source of the pollutants. Findings from this study have revealed the existence of oestrogens with endocrine disrupting properties at different concentrations, and that rivers are the main sources of oestrogenic endocrine disruptors in Lake Victoria water near Mwanza City.Keywords: ELISA, endocrine disruptors, oestrogens, pollutio

A simple and sensitive method for the detection of “Oxytetracycine” levels in ready-to-eat beef by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2016; 10 (28): 571-579Antimicrobial drug residues have emerged as one of the public health problems worldwide. In this study, a modified sensitive liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method to detect the “Oxytetracycine” (OTC) levels in ready-to-eat beef meat in Tanzania was evaluated. Beef samples were extracted in acetonitrile in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) buffer (pH 4), followed by cleaning up with Supelclean ENVI-carb active coal and a stream of nitrogen gas. The wavelength of the diode array detector (DAD) was set at 275 and 355 nm. The detection limit of the method was calculated as 18.2 ng/g and the recovery rate of OTC was 78.6%. A total of 45 ready-to-eat beef meat samples were analyzed, with 16 (35.5%) and 29 (64.5%) barbequed and boiled samples, respectively. Of the 45 samples, 35 (77.8%) samples had OTC residues while 9 (25.7%) samples had violative residue levels above the maximum residue limits recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization. The highest concentration was 545.2 ng/g. Therefore, withdrawal period and proper use of antibiotics for animal production should be of concern as consumers are at risk of adverse effects due to consumption of unacceptable levels of drug residues and a risk of developing microbial resistance. To the best knowledge of the authors, this is the first study to evaluate LC-MS method to detect the OTC levels in ready-to-eat beef meat in Tanzani

A simple and sensitive method for the detection of “Oxytetracycine” levels in ready-to-eat beef by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2016; 10 (28): 571-579Antimicrobial drug residues have emerged as one of the public health problems worldwide. In this study, a modified sensitive liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method to detect the “Oxytetracycine” (OTC) levels in ready-to-eat beef meat in Tanzania was evaluated. Beef samples were extracted in acetonitrile in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) buffer (pH 4), followed by cleaning up with Supelclean ENVI-carb active coal and a stream of nitrogen gas. The wavelength of the diode array detector (DAD) was set at 275 and 355 nm. The detection limit of the method was calculated as 18.2 ng/g and the recovery rate of OTC was 78.6%. A total of 45 ready-to-eat beef meat samples were analyzed, with 16 (35.5%) and 29 (64.5%) barbequed and boiled samples, respectively. Of the 45 samples, 35 (77.8%) samples had OTC residues while 9 (25.7%) samples had violative residue levels above the maximum residue limits recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization. The highest concentration was 545.2 ng/g. Therefore, withdrawal period and proper use of antibiotics for animal production should be of concern as consumers are at risk of adverse effects due to consumption of unacceptable levels of drug residues and a risk of developing microbial resistance. To the best knowledge of the authors, this is the first study to evaluate LC-MS method to detect the OTC levels in ready-to-eat beef meat in Tanzani

Effect of heat treatment on oxytetracycline residues in beef

American Journal of Research Communication, 2017; 5 (6)Literature about drug residues is mainly related to their concentrations in uncooked food. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of barbecuing and boiling treatments on the concentration of oxytetracycline (OTC) in beef samples collected from different districts in Dodoma region, Tanzania. The beef samples were boiled for 30 minutes or barbecued for 20 minutes. The OTC content was measured in raw and heated samples by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The mean concentration of OTC for boiled and barbecued beef samples was 69.45 ± 41.93 ng/g and 69.40 ± 38.91 ng/g, respectively. Both the boiling and barbecuing procedures significantly decreased the OTC levels in beef (p<0.05), and the boiling procedure had the highest influence on reducing OTC concentration. The OTC concentrations after the heating treatments were below the maximum acceptable residue limits (MRL). The results of this study indicate that the occurrence of violative levels of drug residues in raw meats is decreased by heating. Therefore, the occurrence of violative levels of drug residues in the food may be prevented by the heating process

Effect of heat treatment on oxytetracycline residues in beef

American Journal of Research Communication, 2017; 5 (6)Literature about drug residues is mainly related to their concentrations in uncooked food. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of barbecuing and boiling treatments on the concentration of oxytetracycline (OTC) in beef samples collected from different districts in Dodoma region, Tanzania. The beef samples were boiled for 30 minutes or barbecued for 20 minutes. The OTC content was measured in raw and heated samples by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The mean concentration of OTC for boiled and barbecued beef samples was 69.45 ± 41.93 ng/g and 69.40 ± 38.91 ng/g, respectively. Both the boiling and barbecuing procedures significantly decreased the OTC levels in beef (p<0.05), and the boiling procedure had the highest influence on reducing OTC concentration. The OTC concentrations after the heating treatments were below the maximum acceptable residue limits (MRL). The results of this study indicate that the occurrence of violative levels of drug residues in raw meats is decreased by heating. Therefore, the occurrence of violative levels of drug residues in the food may be prevented by the heating process

Optimized HPLC -UV method for separation, detection and quantification of endocrine disrupting estrogens in low quality water

International Journal of Chemistry; Vol. 9, No. 3Endocrine disrupting estrogens are emerging contaminants in aquatic ecosystems and environment in general. There are no guidelines for routine monitoring of these chemicals, despite the existing evidences of their adverse health effect to living organisms at low concentrations. This study aimed at developing and validating an optimized HPLC-UV method for detection and quantification of estradiol and ethinylestradiol. Isocratic elution was used for separation and detection of ethinylestradiol and estradiol. The mobile phase was applied with A; water B; acetonitrile (50:50) at flow rate of 0.7mL/min and injection volume 10mL. The precision and accuracy of the method were within the acceptable range. Relative standard deviation of peak area for E2 ranged from 1.373 to 3.668%, and for EE2 ranged from 0.829 to 6.495 %. The percentage recovery for E2 ranged from 82.3 to 99.84 %, and for EE2 ranged from 84.6 to 103.52 %. Linearity of the method was realized at range of 2.5 to 50 ng/mL and 100 to 1000 ng/mL for both E2 and EE2. The linear regression coefficients were 0.9979 and 0.9973 for E2 whereas for EE2 were 0.9983 and 0.9976. Limit of detection were found to be 0.05 ng/mL and 0.08 ng/mL for E2 and EE2 respectively. The obtained limits of quantification were 0.18 and 0.28 ng/mL for E2 and EE2 respectively. In untreated sewage the concentrations of E2 and EE2 were 0.28 ng/ml and 0.18 ng/ml respectively. But in subsequent wastewater stabilization ponds the concentrations were below detection limit. Therefore, the optimized HPLC-UV method is suitable for detection and quantification of endocrine disrupting estrogens when a level of pollution is at least 0.15 ng/ml. At low extent of pollution would require use of the method in conjunction with ELISA technique

Screening of Commiphora schimperi (O. Berg) from Iramba district in Tanzania for antibacterial activities

Tanzania veterinary journal, 2013; 26 (1)Commiphora schimperi gum-resin from Iramba district, Tanzania was screened for in vitro antibacterial activities by disk diffusion method. The bacteria employed were Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and Gram negative (Salmonella gallinarum and Escherichia coli). The results indicated that C. schimperi methanol and petroleum ether extracts were effective against S. aureus and B. subtilis. The methanol extract (200 mg/mL) caused complete zone of inhibition (17.6 ± 0.5 mm) against S. aureus while petroleum ether extract (200 mg/mL) caused a mean inhibition zone of 12.3 ± 0.9 mm against B. subtilis. This preliminary finding shows that C. schimperi gum-resin has antibacterial effects on some Gram positive bacteria and supports at least in part, the traditional knowledge of local users. Thus, C. schimperi gum-resin can be further subjected to phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological evaluation.Tanzania Higher Education Students Loan Boar

Pollution by endocrine disrupting estrogens in aquatic ecosystems in Morogoro urban and peri-urban areas in Tanzania

Academic Journal Vol. 11(2), pp. 122-131This study aimed to assess the extent of pollution of aquatic ecosystems by endocrine disrupting estrogens particularly the ethinylestradiol (EE2), estrone (E2) and estradiol (E1). The study was carried out in Morogoro urban and peri-urban areas. The main sources of fresh water for domestic uses, fishing and agricultural activities in the study areas including the Mindu dam catchment area, Ngerengere and Morogoro Rivers were assessed. The endocrine disrupting estrogens in water samples were identified and quantified using competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kits. The recovery of estrogens in this study ranged from 65 to 90.22%, the range which is within the acceptable level. The levels of estrogens in Ngerengere River ranged from non-detectable levels to 0.68, 0.03 to 8.42 and 0.05 to 16.97 ng/L for EE2, E2 and E1, respectively. At Mindu Dam the levels ranged from 0.07 to 0.3 ng/L, 0.41 to 2.1 ng/L and 2.6 to 6.5 ng/L for EE2, E2 and E1 respectively. Furthermore, for Morogoro River the levels ranged from undetected to 0.92, 0.34 to 9.53 and 0.17 to 11.49 ng/L for EE2, E2 and E1 respectively. Mean concentrations in control samples and those in upstream and midstream of the rivers were comparable (p > 0.05). But the mean concentrations in downstream portions were significantly higher than those in control samples (p < 0.05). These concentrations however, were below those reported in other studies to cause harmful health effects. Hence, the extent of pollution was not significant enough to cause adverse health effects to aquatic organisms and human

Optimized HPLC -UV method for separation, detection and quantification of endocrine disrupting estrogens in low quality water

International Journal of Chemistry; Vol. 9, No. 3Endocrine disrupting estrogens are emerging contaminants in aquatic ecosystems and environment in general. There are no guidelines for routine monitoring of these chemicals, despite the existing evidences of their adverse health effect to living organisms at low concentrations. This study aimed at developing and validating an optimized HPLC-UV method for detection and quantification of estradiol and ethinylestradiol. Isocratic elution was used for separation and detection of ethinylestradiol and estradiol. The mobile phase was applied with A; water B; acetonitrile (50:50) at flow rate of 0.7mL/min and injection volume 10mL. The precision and accuracy of the method were within the acceptable range. Relative standard deviation of peak area for E2 ranged from 1.373 to 3.668%, and for EE2 ranged from 0.829 to 6.495 %. The percentage recovery for E2 ranged from 82.3 to 99.84 %, and for EE2 ranged from 84.6 to 103.52 %. Linearity of the method was realized at range of 2.5 to 50 ng/mL and 100 to 1000 ng/mL for both E2 and EE2. The linear regression coefficients were 0.9979 and 0.9973 for E2 whereas for EE2 were 0.9983 and 0.9976. Limit of detection were found to be 0.05 ng/mL and 0.08 ng/mL for E2 and EE2 respectively. The obtained limits of quantification were 0.18 and 0.28 ng/mL for E2 and EE2 respectively. In untreated sewage the concentrations of E2 and EE2 were 0.28 ng/ml and 0.18 ng/ml respectively. But in subsequent wastewater stabilization ponds the concentrations were below detection limit. Therefore, the optimized HPLC-UV method is suitable for detection and quantification of endocrine disrupting estrogens when a level of pollution is at least 0.15 ng/ml. At low extent of pollution would require use of the method in conjunction with ELISA technique