The effect of Nigella sativa oils on hyper lipidemia in the human.

One of the most important cause of death , all over , the world is ischemic heart diseases & C.V.A.. The major  factor in the pathology of these two diseases is atherosclerosis, in which , diabetes , hypertension & hyper lipidemia play an evident roles in its causes(1)(2) . For these very important  reasons, scientists try their best to dissolve this problem ; once they try to reduce hyper lipidemia (all types of lipid) through regulation of diet , others try to use medications with or without diet regulation (3). However, medications used (for example statins ,nicotinic acid , lopid , tricor etc ……)have limited effects in reducing lipid level ,since it needs long time , can not be used in all conditions, besides, they are not free of risks as a side effects . Therefore , in the last decades , scientists turned their attention toward using  harmless herbs since, these herbs posses pharmacological principles. Besides , traditionally these herbs are widely utilized to improve human health through curing numerous diseases. Example for these herbs are fenugreek & nigella sativa(4)(5)(6) . According to the world Healt Organization (WHO) reports, 70-80%, of the people over the world , have a great confidence in traditional medical herb for primary health cure. For these reasons , 30% of all modern drugs are derived from plants(7) . One of these important plants that play a big role as medication is Nigella sativa mainly its dried seeds(8). Nigella sativa is an annual herbaceous plant from Ranunculaceae family producing small black seeds, which have characteristic aromatic odor & taste(9). Besides, its uses as a spices & condiment , it is one of important plants seeds that was used as a traditional medicine as a galactagogue , carminative , laxative besides their anti – parasitic properties(10) . Recently , animal studies have shown that extract of N.sativa have many therapeutic effects such as gastrotection, anti malignant effect(11) , & anti oxidant(12). The black seeds have different constituents such mucilage , crude fiber , alkaloid , sugar resins , saponins & proteins(8). Besides , they have high content of unsaturated fatty acids(13). One of these medical uses of N.sativa seeds is treatment of hyper lipidemia(4). Many scientist used the crude crushed N.Sativa seeds,  orally , in the treatment of the hyper lipidemia . This treatment had been used in experimental animals(14) & in human being(15). However the active ingredient , in N. Sativa seeds , is still obscure , besides , the mode of action is unknown

Sub Grouping of Lipase Enzymes According to Tween Substrate in Different Organs of Rat

Lipase is a general term involved types of lipase enzymes that hydrolyse long chain esters. Yet, no one knows which type of lipase is specific for certain organ or tissue.Therefore the aim of this study is to highlight which type of lipase enzymes subgroup is specific for each organ, using different tween substrates.Norway rats had been used. Different tissues had been taken from these animals. Detection of lipase enzyme, for each tissue, had been done by using Gomori method using different types of tween substrates.Different organs revealed different lipase enzymes activities according to the different substrates used in this experiment.From this study, different organs elicited their own lipase enzymes subgroups since different organs utilized different types of tweens as substrate and in different intensity. Keywords: Lipase, Gomori method, tween substrates.

The Effect of Metformin and Anastrozole on the Induced Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome in Rat. Morphological, Morphometric, and Histological Study

Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome is one of an important gynecologic disorder that attracts the attention of many scientists about its etiology, diagnosis and treatment. It is characterized by enlargement of the ovary, many macroscopic and microscopic changes, with disturbance of menstruation and infertility. Polycystic ovarian syndrome is a multifactorial disorder of unclear etiology. Its diagnosis depends on many criteria. Many lines of treatment are used which give different responses. Aim of study: Follow up the treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome with metformin and anastrozole through morphological, morphometric and histological studies. Materials and methods: Twenty-one day old female rats had been involved in this study. Forth of them received nothing and considered as a control group while the remaining received testosterone to induce polycystic ovarian syndrome. The animals with polycystic ovary had been divided into three subgroups; the first one received nothing, while the second one treated with metformin and the last subgroup received anastrozole as a therapy. The morphological, morphometric and histological studies of each subgroups had been demonstrated and comparison between the results obtained of metformin and anastrozole treated subgroups had been analyzed. Result: The result collected from metformin treated subgroup revealed response to treatment, however, this response was inferior to the response of this syndrome to anastrozole. This was observed according to the morphological, morphometric and histological studies. Discussion: Metformin reduces insulin level in the blood which acts directly or systemically on the ovarian tissue to reduce androgen production, which in turn, improves the physiological cycle of sexual hormones. However, this improvement (reflected by macroscopic and microscopic results) did not approximate the normal value as anastrozole did. Anastrozole acts as aromatase enzyme inhibitor, therefore, inhibits aromatization of androgen into estrogen. This returned the hormonal cycle to almost normal status.              

The Mode of Therapeutic Action of Metformin and Aromatase Enzyme Inhibitors in the Treatment of Induced Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Rat through using Immunohistochemical Technique

Background Polycystic ovary syndrome is one of well-known disorder that affects females during their reproductive period. The etiology and the pathogenesis of this disorder are still unclear since many scientists consider some factors are the causes of this disorder while the others proved them as a result of this disorder. In general, this disorder chaptalized mainly by hormonal imbalance which reflected itself as pathological changes which mainly summarized by multiple large cysts associated with clinical features mainly disturbance of menstruation and infertility. Two parameters play a principal role in pathogenesis and a guide line in the progression of the treatment. These are aromatase enzyme activity and estrogen receptor B distribution. Now a day many lines of treatment are involved in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome, but the two important one are the use of antihyperinsulinemic drugs (like metformin) and aromatase inhibitors (like anastrozole). The aim of this research is to study the mode of action of these two drugs through using immunohistochemical techniques and illustrate their effect on aromatase enzyme activity and estrogen receptor B distribution in different ovarian tissues. Materials and methods: Twenty-six premature female Norway albino rats aged 21 day had been involved in this study. Five of them considered as controls while the others received testosterone for 4 weeks to induce polycystic ovary and considered as experimental group. The experimental group divided into 3 subgroups, the first one received nothing while the second one was treated with metformin and the third one was treated with anastrozole. In all the groups, the aromatase enzyme activity and estrogen receptor B distribution had been examined through using immunohistochemical technique. Result: The results revealed improvement in the syndrome reflected through increase in the activity of aromatase enzyme besides increase in the estrogen receptor B distribution in certain ovarian tissues. However the intensity of aromatase activity and the intensity of estrogen receptor expression varied according to the treatment used. Discussion: Both drugs, used in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome, were act through normalization of the sexual hormonal situation in order to preserve the normal histology and the physiological function of the ovary. However, anastrozole proved to be much better as a therapy than metformin in this line

Evaluation of the effect of type II diabetes mellitus on Bone Mineral Density of Upper and Lower Limbs by Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry

Background: Bone mineral density has been assessed using Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry. Bone mineral density is measured according to the results of the Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry examination of the vertebral column and pelvis. Although diabetes mellitus type II (DM) is known to affect bone mineral density, at the present time this particular relationship is not clear.  Objective: The aim of current study was to evaluate the effects of type II diabetes mellitus on bone mineral density of the upper and lower limbs as well as gender differences.   Patients and Methods: This study involved 165 patients complaining of bone pain (85 males and 80 females), 85 patients of who suffered from diabetes, involving both genders. In addition, 90 apparently healthy volunteers had been studied and were considered to constitute the control group. All individuals (255) were studied regarding their bone mineral density via Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry for all parts of the body. Results: The Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry exam revealed highly statistically significant differences between the sides of the body in the same person. In addition, there were significant differences in bone mineral density between females and males, as well as between the control and patient groups with type II diabetes mellitus.  Conclusion: Our results indicated that the bone mineral density of women was less than that in men in all cases (normal, osteoporosis, and diabetes mellitus type II (DM) with osteoporosis). Other results obtained from this research revealed that diabetes mellitus type II (DM) can be considered to be one of the major causes of osteoporosis in the general populatio

Evaluation of the effect of type II diabetes mellitus on Bone Mineral Density of Upper and Lower Limbs by Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry

Background: Bone mineral density has been assessed using Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry. Bone mineral density is measured according to the results of the Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry examination of the vertebral column and pelvis. Although diabetes mellitus type II (DM) is known to affect bone mineral density, at the present time this particular relationship is not clear.  Objective: The aim of current study was to evaluate the effects of type II diabetes mellitus on bone mineral density of the upper and lower limbs as well as gender differences.   Patients and Methods: This study involved 165 patients complaining of bone pain (85 males and 80 females), 85 patients of who suffered from diabetes, involving both genders. In addition, 90 apparently healthy volunteers had been studied and were considered to constitute the control group. All individuals (255) were studied regarding their bone mineral density via Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry for all parts of the body. Results: The Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry exam revealed highly statistically significant differences between the sides of the body in the same person. In addition, there were significant differences in bone mineral density between females and males, as well as between the control and patient groups with type II diabetes mellitus.  Conclusion: Our results indicated that the bone mineral density of women was less than that in men in all cases (normal, osteoporosis, and diabetes mellitus type II (DM) with osteoporosis). Other results obtained from this research revealed that diabetes mellitus type II (DM) can be considered to be one of the major causes of osteoporosis in the general populatio