Electroporator with automatic change of electric field direction improves gene electrotransfer -4

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Electroporator with automatic change of electric field direction improves gene electrotransfer "</p><p>http://www.biomedical-engineering-online.com/content/6/1/25</p><p>BioMedical Engineering OnLine 2007;6():25-25.</p><p>Published online 2 Jul 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1941843.</p><p></p>luence of electric field protocols: single polarity (a), both polarities (b), orthogonal single polarity (c) and orthogonal both polarities (d). Black areas represent regions of permeabilized membrane where DNA interacts with cell membrane

Electroporator with automatic change of electric field direction improves gene electrotransfer -6

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Electroporator with automatic change of electric field direction improves gene electrotransfer "</p><p>http://www.biomedical-engineering-online.com/content/6/1/25</p><p>BioMedical Engineering OnLine 2007;6():25-25.</p><p>Published online 2 Jul 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1941843.</p><p></p>microscope. Symbolic picture (c) was made for better representation of the observed shading effect. Drawn shapes represent cells and black areas represent regions of permeabilized membrane where DNA interacts with cell membrane. Symbols on the right represent electric field protocol used

Electroporator with automatic change of electric field direction improves gene electrotransfer -1

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Electroporator with automatic change of electric field direction improves gene electrotransfer "</p><p>http://www.biomedical-engineering-online.com/content/6/1/25</p><p>BioMedical Engineering OnLine 2007;6():25-25.</p><p>Published online 2 Jul 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1941843.</p><p></p> 200 V (+100 V, -100 V) and 400 V (+200 V, -200 V), when electrical pulses are applied between electrodes 1 and 2 (a) and when they are applied between electrodes 3 and 4 (b). Calculated local maxima of electric field intensity between the electrodes in orthogonal single polarity (OSP) and orthogonal both polarities (OBP) electric field protocol (c). Dashed circles represents position of electrodes. Symbols on the left represent electric field protocols. Electric field intensity scale is given for 200 V and 400 V. Experimental electric field intensity between the electrodes E-S 4.1 during the electric pulse delivery (d), when electrical pulses are applied between electrodes 1 and 2 (d1) and when they are applied between electrodes 3 and 4 (d2). Experimental local maxima of electric field intensity between the electrodes, when electrical pulses are applied between electrodes 1 and 2 and between electrodes 3 and 4 (d3). A train of eight electric pulses with amplitude of 400 V (+200 V, -200 V), duration 1 ms and repetition frequency 1 Hz was applied

Electroporator with automatic change of electric field direction improves gene electrotransfer -5

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Electroporator with automatic change of electric field direction improves gene electrotransfer "</p><p>http://www.biomedical-engineering-online.com/content/6/1/25</p><p>BioMedical Engineering OnLine 2007;6():25-25.</p><p>Published online 2 Jul 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1941843.</p><p></p>protocol (a) and both polarities electric field protocol (b). Photos of phase contrast (1) and fluorescence (2) images were taken under inverted fluorescence microscope. Symbols on the right represent electric field protocol used

Electroporator with automatic change of electric field direction improves gene electrotransfer -3

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Electroporator with automatic change of electric field direction improves gene electrotransfer "</p><p>http://www.biomedical-engineering-online.com/content/6/1/25</p><p>BioMedical Engineering OnLine 2007;6():25-25.</p><p>Published online 2 Jul 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1941843.</p><p></p>ce of electric field protocol. Cells were exposed to a train of eight pulses with amplitude of 200 V, duration 1 ms and repetition frequency 1 Hz. Results were obtained by means of fluorescence microscopy. Each value in the graph represent mean of four independent experiments, ± standard deviation. Different electric field protocols did not result in different level of fluorescence intensity (ANOVA: P = 0.246)

Electroporator with automatic change of electric field direction improves gene electrotransfer -7

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Electroporator with automatic change of electric field direction improves gene electrotransfer "</p><p>http://www.biomedical-engineering-online.com/content/6/1/25</p><p>BioMedical Engineering OnLine 2007;6():25-25.</p><p>Published online 2 Jul 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1941843.</p><p></p>pposite electrodes. While in both polarities (BP) electric field protocol alternating electric pulses are applied between two opposite electrodes. In orthogonal single polarity (OSP) electric field protocol direct electric pulses are applied between both opposite pairs of electrodes. While in orthogonal both polarities (OBP) electric field protocol alternating electric pulses are applied between both opposite pairs of electrodes. Signals in the middle represent applied voltage to the electrodes. Symbols on the right represent electric field protocols in which arrows represent directions of electric field in the centre between the electrodes

Electroporator with automatic change of electric field direction improves gene electrotransfer -2

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Electroporator with automatic change of electric field direction improves gene electrotransfer "</p><p>http://www.biomedical-engineering-online.com/content/6/1/25</p><p>BioMedical Engineering OnLine 2007;6():25-25.</p><p>Published online 2 Jul 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1941843.</p><p></p>ield protocol. Cells were exposed to a train of eight pulses with amplitude of 200 V, duration 1 ms and repetition frequency 1 Hz. Results were obtained by means of fluorescence microscopy. Each value in the graph represent mean of four independent experiments, ± standard deviation. Electric field protocols result in different fraction of transfected cells (ANOVA: P = 0.002)