Defying Evolution: Observations of a Mouth-Breathing Bottlenose Dolphin (<i>Tursiops truncatus</i>) - Video recording of mouth breathing bottlenose dolphin female from the Adriatic Sea. Supplement 2 to Hofs, J., Miočić-Stošić, J., Frleta-Valić, M.,Mackelworth, P.,Holcer, D. (2024)<b> </b>Aquatic Mammals

In the Adriatic Sea, a female common bottlenose dolphin named “Boa” was observed on 19 occasions between 2009 and 2019, inhaling via her mouth every observed respiration. We provide some explanations for the cause of this behaviour using the existing evidence. “Boa” appeared to be in good physical shape and displayed behaviour similar to other individuals. She mothered three calves, raising at least one to independence successfully. Because she lived a normal life, we believe she could vocalise and echolocate. Boa may have been forced to breathe through her mouth in order to deal with internal injuries, occlusion or disease. Of the potential causes, an occlusion of the upper respiratory tract seems more likely than a perforation or permanent dislocation of the larynx. An occlusion could result from disease, a congenital disorder, and wrongly ingested or inhaled food items or foreign materials. In order to breathe via the mouth, Boa must have been able to circumvent the separation of respiratory tract from the oral cavity. By relaxing the respiratory muscles, particularly the palatopharyngeus, she could have used the negative pressure of the lungs to pull in air from the oropharynx into the upper respiratory tract. The true cause of Boa’s condition will probably never be discovered.</p

Biomass projections of red coral populations to compare different harvesting scenarios.

<p>Scenario 1) 90% total mortality and 10% partial mortality. Scenario 2) 10% total mortality and 90% partial mortality. Horizontal broken lines show initial conditions at Riou. Black lines represent the mean trend and dot lines the standard deviation (n = 100).</p

Size-distribution changes on harvested red coral populations.

<p>a) Size-distribution at Riou before harvesting, after harvesting, and four years after harvesting. b) Size-distribution at Maire after harvesting and seven years after harvesting.</p

Harvesting effects on red coral populations.

<p>Partial mortality at Riou is shown a) before and b) after a harvesting event. c) Detail of re-growth of new branches on a partially harvested colony. Photo credit: Medrecover (<a href="http://www.medrecover.org" target="_blank">www.medrecover.org</a>).</p

Biomass changes during the study period at (a) Riou and (b) Maire.

<p>Biomass changes during the study period at (a) Riou and (b) Maire.</p