Changer d'échelle pour les négociations climatiques : Huit initiatives régionales, sectorielles et citoyennes

International audienceChanger d’échelle dans la négociation climatique, c’est tenter de dépasser les débats complexes et inertiels sur les niveaux d’engagement de réduction des gaz à effet de serre que chaque pays serait prêt à consentir - ces engagements, lorsqu’ils sont annoncés, ne préjugeant d’ailleurs pas des moyens d’action que ces pays peuvent mettre en œuvre. C’est pour tenter de bousculer cette vision « top-down » de la négociation que les élèves du Mastère spécialisé® en Optimisation des Systèmes Énergétiques ont imaginé des propositions pour déplacer le cadre des discussions climatiques : en adaptant les mécanismes de financement aux contraintes des pays en développement ou aux enjeux de ceux qui reposent quasi exclusivement sur la production d’hydrocarbures ; en envisageant la réponse sectorielle que pourrait initier les secteurs très sensibles aux enjeux environnementaux comme le Charbon, l’Uranium ou l’Acier ; ou enfin en déclinant leurs solutions au niveau quotidien et individuel, plaçant le citoyen au centre des efforts, ciblant des ressources en raréfaction rapide comme l’eau, ou enfin prenant en compte les questions de congestion de trafic urbain. Ces jeunes ingénieurs et scientifiques qui ont abordé le monde de l’énergie en une année d’immersion autour des systèmes énergétiques à MINES ParisTech à travers une approche originale basée sur l’optimisation, proposent ici quelques clés originales pour rechercher des solutions durables répondant à des contraintes de plus en plus fortes: changement climatique, épuisement des ressources, contraintes politiques et financières, etc. Extrait : http://www.pressesdesmines.com/media/extrait/MaiziChange.pd

An optimal approach dedicated to energy efficiency of electrical systems

http://www.engopt.org/kongreso/artigos/artigos_aprovados862e.html?idioma=ptInternational audienceIn order to provide a vision of power electrical engineering for future energy-supply crossroads and challenges, variational principles are used to express local laws of electromagnetism : they are derived from thermodynamic principles and by assuming a reversible transfer of the global power exchanged throughout the electrical network. This approach is suitable for consolidating energy processes involved in electromagnetic and electromechanical conversions, from deep within the structure of the materials to the power network operations. Two kinds of devices are identified: (i) those dedicated to power conversion; and (ii) their couplings involved in transmission lines, distribution busways, cablings and connections. Furthermore, the approach is shown to provide a unique description framework for power management, energy efficiency and sustainable long-term planning exercises

Pending the adoption of an international climate agreement An overview of the energy-climate regime

After a large awareness and decades of negotiations, a historic climate agreement is waiting to be adopted by all 195 parties at the UNFCCC, in December during the 2015 Paris Climate Change Conference (COP 21), in order to provide an answer to the climate issue. We analyze a combination of scenarios to discuss the energy-climate regime inherited from the past negotiations and what can be expected for the future decarbonated system

Modélisation prospective et spécificités de la politique énergétique française

Cet article, avant relecture et correction pour la revue J3EA, a fait l'objet d'une communication aux journées 2007 de la section électrotechnique sur le thème Energie et Développement Durable à l'antenne de Bretagne de l'ENS de Cachan les 14 et 15 mars 2007.International audienceLes stratèges qui se préoccupent des questions liées à l'Energie, doivent, dans un contexte international complexe, se doter d'outils normatifs performants pour faire face à des contraintes multiformes (quotas d'émissions, taxes, ouverture des marchés, raréfaction de la ressource). Dans cet article, nous montrerons comment une optimisation technico-économique de la chaîne énergétique, au moyen du modèle MARKAL-France, permet à l'horizon 2050, une approche prospective pertinente des conséquences environnementales de différentes options de la politique énergétique française. En particulier, l'impact environnemental de ces choix sera évalué à travers le niveau des émissions de CO2

Shift from oil fueled cars for future sustainable mobilities

http://www.aaee.at/2009-IAEE/details.phpInternational audienceOver a 50 years period (2000-2050), required demands for energy services including mobility- differentiated in short and long distance travels- have to be satisfied simultaneously with a strong constraint on CO2 emission levels i.e. a reduction by 50 to 75% of the emissions by 2050 compared to their 1990 level (except international transportation). The systemic approach used ensures consistency of the results across all end-use sectors. This methodology is used to propose a focus on personal vehicles in order to highlight the long term relationship between carbon constraints, technologies road map and cross sectors effects

Flexibility and reliability in long-term planning exercices dedicated to the electricity sector

Disponible sur le site du World Energy Council : http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/congresspapers/363.pdfInternational audienceLong-term planning models are useful to build plausible options for future energy systems and must consequently address the technological feasibility and associated cost of these options. This paper focuses on the electricity sector and on problems of exibility and reliability in power systems in order to improve results provided by long-term planning exercises: exibility needs are integrated as an additional criterion for new investment decisions and, reliability requirements are assessed through the level of electrical losses they induced and a related cost. These approaches are implemented in a long-term planning model and demonstrated through a study of the Reunion Island

Regional impacts of the global carbon stakes: Long term prospective with the TIMES integrated assessment model (TIAM-FR)

http://ab3e.org.br/rio2010/conference-program/concurrent-sessions/june-09/International audienceThe aim of this study is to discuss the Copenhagen commitments, using the modelling tool TIAM-FR, and to propose some keys to understanding long-term climate policy. More precisely, we investigate different coordination schemes for regions that have pledged to reach CO2 mitigation targets during the period 2005-2050. Using regional carbon constraint scenarios, we show what these possible futures represent for different regions committed to the Copenhagen Agreement. Our analysis mainly focuses on the effects of these environmental constraints on several indicators such as, global and regional CO2 emissions, the cost of the climate policy, the carbon marginal costs, the progress of primary energy consumption and the energy mix. This paper compares global efforts on CO2 mitigation with the marginal cost of carbon for a variety of climate policies and focuses on the evolution of the energy mix. Lastly, it discusses the plausibility of developing CO2 storage technologies to satisfy the carbon constraints

Toward the future climate regime: A regional long term perspective of political targets and technological options

International audienceThe aim of the next negotiations between Parties until the Twenty-first Conference of Parties (COP 21) which will be held in Paris in 2015 is to reach an international agreement involving as many countries as possible, in order to reduce CO2 emissions sufficiently and stay in line with the ultimate 2°C objective of the UNFCCC. A strong climate policy in line with this 2°C objective requires a global contribution, whether countries are industrialized or developing, or especially fast developing or emerging. However, debates highlights the fact that it is primarily up to industrialized countries to keep their promise of helping countries develop a record of adapting to the impacts of climate change, and nothing is certain as regards the possible level of CO2 emission reduction that developing countries will be able to attain or, even, accept to reduce. In terms of cost, a larger contribution from developing countries is less expensive than strong emission mitigation in industrialized countries, as expressed by the decision to allow flexible mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol (i.e. develop GHG emissions mitigation projects where the carbon abatement cost can be lower). But this is not sufficient. Could we reach an ambitious, and necessary, climate target without the participation of developing countries? In the same manner, a key feature of the Copenhagen agreement and of the future accord is the participation of the United States of America and non-Annex I countries, especially China, as they represent a large share of global CO2 emissions. China and the USA are the largest global emitters of CO2 and, as concerning developing countries, without their participation in a climate agreement the latter cannot really ensure achieving stabilized CO2 concentration and global temperatures. Various climate scenarios are implemented in the bottom-up optimization model TIAM-FR and analyzed to explore the effects of a possible international coordination on main environmental and economic indicators. The impacts of different commitment levels under post-Copenhagen and/or global long-term climate policies can thereby be discussed and provide some understanding on the stakes and issues. Particularly, do developing countries have the capacity to implement policies to reduce emissions given that their priority is development and energy supply? What is expected from industrialized countries like Europe? What are the technological possibilities considering the state of development of their energy systems and the evolution of their needs? The main focus is, in a first part, on the ambition of the various climate policies regarding CO2 emissions at global and regional level. In a second part, we discuss the impact of international climate change strategies to the energy system, and particularly on the electricity generation In this context, discussions investigate long-term solutions, and particularly the development of CCS technologies or renewables, in response to a constraint that influences the energy mix

Energy sector contribution to regional climate action: The case of Latin America

This research was supported by the Chair Modeling for sustainable development, driven by MINES ParisTech, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, and AgroParisTech, supported by ADEME, EDF, GRTgaz, SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC and the French Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy. The funding body was not involved in study design, collection, analysis and interpretation of data, the writing of the report or the decision to publish.In South America and the Caribbean, a region representing a relevant share of global GHG emissions with a weight of 7.7% in 2011, slightly more than its share of the world’s population (6.9% in 2010), the latest estimates point to a 1.5% to 5% GDP loss by 2050. Particularly, Brazil already ranks fourth in the world when it comes to national contributions to global warming and a strong increase in GHG emissions can be anticipated in the years to come throughout the region on a BAU basis. In this context, quite logically, the region has a relevant role to play in mitigating global emissions. The energy sector, the largest contributor to GHG emission, shows promising potential to achieve climate mitigation worldwide and South American NAMAs consider it extensively. Given Latin America’s regional specificities, what contributions can its energy sector make to the fight against climate change, and at what cost? This paper investigates this specific aspect of the energy-climate nexus in Latin America through the prism of ongoing climate negotiations. This analysis focuses on the climate commitment of Latin America pledged before the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) asked to publish through the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference held in Paris in December and which led to the signing of a historical global agreement on climate change. We use a bottom-up energy prospective model from the MarkAl/TIMES family with four contrasted scenarios for future climate policies in South America