269 research outputs found
Augmenting Black-box LLMs with Medical Textbooks for Clinical Question Answering
Large-scale language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, are capable of
generating human-like responses for various downstream tasks, such as
task-oriented dialogues and question answering. However, applying LLMs to
medical domains remains challenging due to their inability to leverage
domain-specific knowledge. In this study, we present the Large-scale Language
Models Augmented with Medical Textbooks (LLM-AMT), which integrates
authoritative medical textbooks as the cornerstone of its design, enhancing its
proficiency in the specialized domain through plug-and-play modules, comprised
of a Hybrid Textbook Retriever, supplemented by the Query Augmenter and the LLM
Reader. Experimental evaluation on three open-domain medical question-answering
tasks reveals a substantial enhancement in both the professionalism and
accuracy of the LLM responses when utilizing LLM-AMT, exhibiting an improvement
ranging from 11.4% to 13.2%. Despite being 100 times smaller, we found that
medical textbooks as the retrieval corpus serves as a more valuable external
knowledge source than Wikipedia in the medical domain. Our experiments show
that textbook augmentation results in a performance improvement ranging from
9.7% to 12.2% over Wikipedia augmentation
Large Language Model Is Not a Good Few-shot Information Extractor, but a Good Reranker for Hard Samples!
Large Language Models (LLMs) have made remarkable strides in various tasks.
Whether LLMs are competitive few-shot solvers for information extraction (IE)
tasks, however, remains an open problem. In this work, we aim to provide a
thorough answer to this question. Through extensive experiments on nine
datasets across four IE tasks, we demonstrate that current advanced LLMs
consistently exhibit inferior performance, higher latency, and increased budget
requirements compared to fine-tuned SLMs under most settings. Therefore, we
conclude that LLMs are not effective few-shot information extractors in
general. Nonetheless, we illustrate that with appropriate prompting strategies,
LLMs can effectively complement SLMs and tackle challenging samples that SLMs
struggle with. And moreover, we propose an adaptive filter-then-rerank paradigm
to combine the strengths of LLMs and SLMs. In this paradigm, SLMs serve as
filters and LLMs serve as rerankers. By prompting LLMs to rerank a small
portion of difficult samples identified by SLMs, our preliminary system
consistently achieves promising improvements (2.4% F1-gain on average) on
various IE tasks, with an acceptable time and cost investment.Comment: Accepted by EMNLP 2023 Finding
Thermodynamic properties of higher-dimensional dS black holes in dRGT massive gravity
On the basis of the state parameter of de Sitter space-time satisfying the
first law of thermodynamics,we can derive some effective thermodynamic
quantities.When the temperature of the black hole horizon is equal to that of
the cosmological horizon, we think that the effective temperature of the
space-time should have the same value. Using this condition, we obtain a
differential equation of the entropy of the de Sitter black hole in the
higherdimensional de Rham, Gabadadze and Tolley (dRGT) massive gravity. Solving
the differential equation, we obtain the corrected entropy and effective
thermodynamic quantities of the de Sitter black hole. The results show that for
multiparameter black holes, the entropy satisfied differential equation is
invariable with different independent state parameters. Therefore, the entropy
of higher-dimensional dS black holes in dRGT massive gravity is only a function
of the position of the black hole horizon, and is independent of other state
parameters. It is consistent with the corresponding entropy of the black hole
horizon and the cosmological horizon. The thermodynamic quantities of
self-consistent de Sitter spacetime are given theoretically, and the equivalent
thermodynamic quantities have the second-order phase transformation similar to
AdS black hole, but unlike AdS black hole, the equivalent temperature of de
Sitter space-time has a maximum value. By satisfying the requirement of
thermodynamic equilibrium and stability of space-time, the conditions for the
existence of dS black holes in the universe are obtained.Comment: 11 pages, 6 figure
Effect of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion on the chemical composition and antioxidant properties of Ginkgo biloba leaves decoction and commercial capsules
In this study Ginkgo biloba leaves (GBL) decoction and commercial capsules were digested using an in vitro model. Thirty-six active compounds were identified and quantified by HPLC-ESI-MS analysis based on the MS/MS patterns (precursor ions and product ions) and retention times, in comparison with reference standards. Most compounds in GBL showed a significant decrease during intestinal digestion, with an exception of vanillic acid and biflavonoids. Bioaccessibility values of chemical compositions varied between decoction and capsules samples. Also, significant reductions of total flavonoids and total phenolic content was observed after in vitro digestion. Both, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) scavenging capacity decreased after gastric digestion, but increased during intestinal digestion. Nevertheless, different behaviour was observed in reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Compared to the pH of digestion, the influence of digestive enzymes on the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of GBL was relatively minor. Overall, these results may help provide a valid foundation for further investigations on bioactive compounds and the pharmacodynamics of GBL
Power-Electronics-Based Mission Profile Emulation and Test for Electric Machine Drive System:Concepts, Features, and Challenges
Learning To Teach Large Language Models Logical Reasoning
Large language models (LLMs) have gained enormous attention from both
academia and industry, due to their exceptional ability in language generation
and extremely powerful generalization. However, current LLMs still output
unreliable content in practical reasoning tasks due to their inherent issues
(e.g., hallucination). To better disentangle this problem, in this paper, we
conduct an in-depth investigation to systematically explore the capability of
LLMs in logical reasoning. More in detail, we first investigate the deficiency
of LLMs in logical reasoning on different tasks, including event relation
extraction and deductive reasoning. Our study demonstrates that LLMs are not
good reasoners in solving tasks with rigorous reasoning and will produce
counterfactual answers, which require us to iteratively refine. Therefore, we
comprehensively explore different strategies to endow LLMs with logical
reasoning ability, and thus enable them to generate more logically consistent
answers across different scenarios. Based on our approach, we also contribute a
synthesized dataset (LLM-LR) involving multi-hop reasoning for evaluation and
pre-training. Extensive quantitative and qualitative analyses on different
tasks also validate the effectiveness and necessity of teaching LLMs with logic
and provide insights for solving practical tasks with LLMs in future work
Enhanced fuel ethanol production from rice straw hydrolysate by an inhibitor-tolerant mutant strain of Scheffersomyces stipitis
The aim of the present study was to develop an inhibitor-tolerant strain of Scheffersomyces stipitis and establish an efficient ethanol fermentation process for cost-effective ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass. By a strategy of three successive rounds of UV mutagenesis following adaptation, we isolated a S. stipitis mutant with improved tolerance against ethanol and inhibitors in the form of acetic acid, furfural and vanillin. The mutant strain exhibited excellent ethanol fermentation performance; both the xylose and glucose consumption rate and ethanol productivity were almost two times higher than the parental strain in batch fermentation. To overcome the issue of product inhibition and carbon catabolite repression (CCR) effect, the membrane integrated continuous fermentation system was employed. The maximum ethanol titer of 43.2 g l−1 and productivity of 2.16 g l−1 h−1 was achieved at a dilution rate of 0.05 h−1, higher than the relevant studies ever reported. These results suggested the novel process of cell recycling continuous fermentation using S. stipitis mutant has great potential for commercial ethanol production from lignocelluloses-based biomass
Microspheres Assembled from Chitosan‐Graft‐Poly(lactic acid) Micelle‐Like Core–Shell Nanospheres for Distinctly Controlled Release of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Biomolecules
Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/122426/1/mabi201600020-sup-0001-S1.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/122426/2/mabi201600020.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/122426/3/mabi201600020_am.pd
Phase transition and entropic force of de Sitter black hole in massive gravity
It is well known that de Sitter(dS) black holes generally have a black hole
horizon and a cosmological horizon, both of which have Hawking radiation. But
the radiation temperature of the two horizons is generally different, so dS
black holes do not meet the requirements of thermal equilibrium stability,
which brings certain difficulties to the study of the thermodynamic
characteristics of black holes. In this paper, dS black hole is regarded as a
thermodynamic system, and the effective thermodynamic quantities of the system
are obtained. The influence of various state parameters on the effective
thermodynamic quantities in the massive gravity space-time is discussed. The
condition of the phase transition of the de Sitter black hole in massive
gravity space-time is given. We consider that the total entropy of the dS black
hole is the sum of the corresponding entropy of the two horizons plus an extra
term from the correlation of the two horizons. By comparing the entropic force
of interaction between black hole horizon and the cosmological horizon with
Lennard-Jones force between two particles, we find that the change rule of
entropic force between the two system is surprisingly the same. The research
will help us to explore the real reason of accelerating expansion of the
universe.Comment: 14 pages,11 figure
Parameter Setting Strategy for the Controller of the DFIG Wind Turbine Considering the Small-Signal Stability of Power Grids
Due to the increasing penetration of the wind generation, the stability, especially the small-signal stability, of the power grid is much related to it. Currently, few studies considered the impact of the parameter settings of the wind turbine controller on the small-signal stability of the grid under the full range of wind conditions. In this paper, we propose a framework for deriving a set of controller parameters by interiorizing their impact on the power system stability, based on an analytic model of a 15th-order single DFIG-infinite grid connection under all wind speeds. The study results on a real wind turbine show that the controller parameters optimized for a specific wind speed may not feasible for other operational conditions yet the proposed framework can obtain a set of parameters guaranteeing the power system stability under all wind speeds
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