Ultrasound-assisted extraction of natural products

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (USAE) is an interesting process to obtain high valuable compounds and could contribute to the increase in the value of some food by-products when used as sources of natural compounds. The main benefits will be a more effective extraction, thus saving energy, and also the use of moderate temperatures, which is beneficial for heat-sensitive compounds. For a successful application of the USAE, it is necessary to consider the influence of several process variables, the main ones being the applied ultrasonic power, the frequency, the extraction temperature, the reactor characteristics, and the solvent-sample interaction. The highest extraction rate is usually achieved in the first few minutes, which is the most profitable period. 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Calorimetric study of the energy efficiency for ultrasound-induced radical formation

Energy conversion in sonochemistry is known to be an important factor for the development of industrial applications, however, the strong influence of the physical properties of the liquid on the ultrasound characteristics usually prevents an accurate determination of the chemical effects. In this study, the energy efficiency of the ultrasound-induced radical formation from methyl methacrylate has been investigated. The energy yield can be quantified by comparison of the ultrasonic power that is transferred to the liquid and the radical formation kinetics. Based on this method the influence of temperature and amplitude of the ultrasound horn on the energy efficiency has been determined. The energy yield for the formation of radicals from ultrasonic waves appears to be in the order of 5×10-6 J/J. The energy conversion is the highest at low temperatures and at low amplitudes

The mechanism of cavitation-induced polymer scission; experimental and computational verification

this paper we describe qualitatively and quantitatively the non-random scission of polymers by ultrasound. Scission experiments have been performed using monodisperse polymethyl methacrylate dissolved in methyl methacrylate, showing that fracture occurs close to the center of the polymer chain. A mechanism is proposed for this non-random fracture, from which it can be concluded that complete stretching of the polymer chains is required before breakage can occur. The developed model, which is a combination of strain rate and drag force calculations, predicts a limiting molecular weight, which has experimentally been confirmed. The scission rate depends almost quadratically on the molecular weight, which is derived by modeling the experimental time-dependent molecular weight distributions. This dependence supports the requirement of complete stretching of the polymer chain before breakage. The developed degradation model is also capable to describe the effects of various process variables on cavitation-induced polymer scission

Ultrasound-induced polymerization of methyl methacrylate in liquid carbon dioxide : a clean and safe route to produce polymers with controlled molecular weight

Ultrasound-induced cavitation is known to enhance chemical reactions as well as mass transfer at ambient pressures. Ultrasound is rarely studied at higher pressures, since a high static pressure hampers the growth of cavities. Recently, we have shown that pressurized carbon dioxide can be used as a medium for ultrasound-induced reactions, because the static pressure is counteracted by the higher vapor pressure, which enables cavitation. With the use of a dynamic bubble model, the possibility of cavitation and the resulting hot-spot formation upon bubble collapse have been predicted. These simulations show that the implosions of cavities in high-pressure fluids generate temperatures at which radicals can be formed. To validate this, radical formation and polymerization experiments have been performed in CO2-expanded methyl methacrylate. The radical formation rate is approximately 1.5*1014 s-1 in this system. Moreover, cavitation-induced polymerizations result in high-molecular weight polymers. This work emphasizes the application potential of sonochemistry for polymerization processes, as cavitation in CO2-expanded monomers has shown to be a clean and safe route to produce polymers with a controlled molecular weight