4,630 research outputs found
Generalized hyperbolic functions, circulant matrices and functional equations
There is a contrast between the two sets of functional equations f_0(x+y) =
f_0(x)f_0(y) + f_1(x)f_1(y), f_1(x+y) = f_1(x)f_0(y) + f_0(x)f_1(y), and
f_0(x-y) = f_0(x)f_0(y) - f_1(x)f_1(y), f_1(x-y) = f_1(x)f_0(y) - f_0(x)f_1(y)
satisfied by the even and odd components of a solution of f(x+y) = f(x) f(y).
J. Schwaiger and, later, W. F\"org-Rob and J. Schwaiger considered the
extension of these ideas to the case where f is sum of n components. Here we
shorten and simplify the statements and proofs of some of these results by a
more systematic use of matrix notation.Comment: 18 pages; corrected and updated versio
The Rees product of posets
We determine how the flag f-vector of any graded poset changes under the Rees
product with the chain, and more generally, any t-ary tree. As a corollary, the
M\"obius function of the Rees product of any graded poset with the chain, and
more generally, the t-ary tree, is exactly the same as the Rees product of its
dual with the chain, respectively, t-ary chain. We then study enumerative and
homological properties of the Rees product of the cubical lattice with the
chain. We give a bijective proof that the M\"obius function of this poset can
be expressed as n times a signed derangement number. From this we derive a new
bijective proof of Jonsson's result that the M\"obius function of the Rees
product of the Boolean algebra with the chain is given by a derangement number.
Using poset homology techniques we find an explicit basis for the reduced
homology and determine a representation for the reduced homology of the order
complex of the Rees product of the cubical lattice with the chain over the
symmetric group.Comment: 21 pages, 1 figur
Are Retirement Savings Too Exposed to Market Risk?
The stock market, as measured by the broad-based Wilshire 5000, declined by 42 percent between its peak in October 9, 2007 and October 9, 2008. Over that one-year period, the value of equities in pension plans and household portfolios fell by 7.4 trillion decline, 1.9 trillion in public and private defined benefit plans, and $3.6 trillion in household non-pension assets. This brief documents where the declines occurred. This information is interesting and important in its own right. But the declines also highlight the fragility of our emerging pension arrangements. Today the declines were divided equally between defined benefit and defined contribution plans, but in the future individuals will bear the full brunt of market turmoil as the shift to 401(k)s continues. Much of the reform discussion regarding private sector employer-sponsored pensions has focused on extending coverage. But the current financial tsunami also underlines the need to construct arrangements where the full market risk does not fall on pension participants.
Why Are Stocks So Risky?
With the decline in privately and publicly guaranteed benefits for pensions and health care, people increasingly must finance a greater share of their retirement expenses through their own savings. The relatively high long-term return on equity makes investments in stocks seem both an attractive and suitable means of accumulating the substantial wealth that savers will require. Yet, the 50 percent drop in the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index from May 2008 to March 2009 is only the latest reminder that stocks pose considerable risk for investors. In the past, equity returns over periods as long as 10 or 20 years have diverged substantially from their long-term averages, tarnishing the appeal of stocks even as investments for the long run...
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