The Carrot or the Stick? Evaluation of Education and Enforcement as Management Tools for Human-Wildlife Conflicts

Evidence-based decision-making is critical for implementing conservation actions, especially for human-wildlife conflicts, which have been increasing worldwide. Conservation practitioners recognize that long-term solutions should include altering human behaviors, and public education and enforcement of wildlife-related laws are two management actions frequently implemented, but with little empirical evidence evaluating their success. We used a system where human-black bear conflicts were common, to experimentally test the efficacy of education and enforcement in altering human behavior to better secure attractants (garbage) from bears. We conducted 3 experiments in Aspen CO, USA to evaluate: 1) on-site education in communal dwellings and construction sites, 2) Bear Aware educational campaign in residential neighborhoods, and 3) elevated law enforcement at two levels in the core business area of Aspen. We measured human behaviors as the response including: violation of local wildlife ordinances, garbage availability to bears, and change in use of bear-resistance refuse containers. As implemented, we found little support for education, or enforcement in the form of daily patrolling in changing human behavior, but found more support for proactive enforcement, i.e., dispensing warning notices. More broadly we demonstrated the value of gathering evidence before and after implementing conservation actions, and the dangers of measuring responses in the absence of ecological knowledge. We recommend development of more effective educational methods, application of proactive enforcement, and continued evaluation of tools by directly measuring change in human behavior. We provide empirical evidence adding to the conservation managers' toolbox, informing policy makers, and promoting solutions to human-wildlife conflicts

Management of climate risks in agriculture–will weather derivatives permeate?

It is a matter of common knowledge that weather represents the major source of uncertainty in crop production. It is to be expected that weather fluctuations will increase in the future due to climate change. Traditionally, farmers tried to protect themselves against weather-related yield variations by buying insurances. More recently, there has been a discussion regarding the use of weather derivatives to safeguard against volumetric risks. Although weather derivatives display advantages over traditional insurances, there is only a relatively small market for these products in agriculture. This is partly attributed to the fact that it is unclear whether and to what extent weather derivatives are a useful instrument of risk management in agriculture. This study applies real yield and weather data from Northeast Germany in order to quantify the risk-reducing effect that can be achieved in wheat production by using precipitation options. To do so stochastic simulation is used. The hedging effectiveness is controlled by the contract design (index, strike level, tick size). However, the local basis risk and the geographical basis risk remain with the farmer. We separate both causes of basis risk and reveal the extent of each. This enables conclusions regarding the design of weather derivatives; thus the question dealt with here is relevant both for farmers and for potential sellers of weather derivatives.

Value-at-Risk and Conditional Value-at-Risk Minimization for Hazardous Materials Routing

This chapter provides fundamentals of value-at-risk and conditional value-at-risk models applied to routing problems in hazardous materials transportation