26 research outputs found
Treatment Outcomes of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND:Treatment outcomes for multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (MDRTB) are generally poor compared to drug sensitive disease. We sought to estimate treatment outcomes and identify risk factors associated with poor outcomes in patients with MDRTB. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:We performed a systematic search (to December 2008) to identify trials describing outcomes of patients treated for MDRTB. We pooled appropriate data to estimate WHO-defined outcomes at the end of treatment and follow-up. Where appropriate, pooled covariates were analyzed to identify factors associated with worse outcomes. Among articles identified, 36 met our inclusion criteria, representing 31 treatment programmes from 21 countries. In a pooled analysis, 62% [95% CI 57-67] of patients had successful outcomes, while 13% [9]-[17] defaulted, 11% [9]-[13] died, and 2% [1]-[4] were transferred out. Factors associated with worse outcome included male gender 0.61 (OR for successful outcome) [0.46-0.82], alcohol abuse 0.49 [0.39-0.63], low BMI 0.41[0.23-0.72], smear positivity at diagnosis 0.53 [0.31-0.91], fluoroquinolone resistance 0.45 [0.22-0.91] and the presence of an XDR resistance pattern 0.57 [0.41-0.80]. Factors associated with successful outcome were surgical intervention 1.91 [1.44-2.53], no previous treatment 1.42 [1.05-1.94], and fluoroquinolone use 2.20 [1.19-4.09]. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE:We have identified several factors associated with poor outcomes where interventions may be targeted. In addition, we have identified high rates of default, which likely contributes to the development and spread of MDRTB
Estimation of effective brain connectivity with dual Kalman filter and EEG source localization methods
In target areas where human mosquito-borne diseases are diagnosed, the inclusion of the pre-adult mosquito aquatic niches parameters will improve the integrated mosquito control program
Improving dyeability and antibacterial activity of Lawsonia inermis L on jute fabrics by chitosan pretreatment
Culture and Next-generation sequencing-based drug susceptibility testing unveil high levels of drug-resistant-TB in Djibouti: results from the first national survey
Respiratory involvements among women exposed to the smoke of traditional biomass fuel and gas fuel in a district of Bangladesh
What is Islamic microfinance?
Islamic microfinance is a specialized part in a growing and diverse body of microfinance literature. To date, there are quite a few papers on Islamic microfinance that are published in reputable journals, which fairly represent the size of Islamic microfinance industry compared to the overall microfinance sector. This chapter aims to provide an overview of Islamic microfinance in the context of mainstream microfinance sector and highlights some of the salient features that differentiate Islamic microfinance with conventional or overall microfinance. It will discuss the origin, different approaches in the development, and characteristics of Islamic microfinance. These will be followed by discussion on lending models, sources and uses of funds, and poverty impact of Islamic microfinance institutions. Finally, this chapter will conclude will some thoughts on possible opportunities for future Islamic microfinance research