Thyroglossal duct cyst carcinoma with concurrent thyroid carcinoma: a case report

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Thyroglossal duct carcinoma is a very rare finding and its presentation is similar to that of a benign cyst, which is a relatively common developmental abnormality that may manifest as a midline, neck mass. In general the diagnosis of thyroglossal duct carcinoma is based on the pathologic examination of the mass, but needle aspiration cytology, ultrasound and computed tomography play a role in the differential diagnosis of malignancy.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>A further case of thyroglossal duct carcinoma and concurrent thyroid carcinoma with locoregional lymph node metastases affecting a 40-year-old woman followed up for 4 years is presented and discussed.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Sistrunk's surgical technique must always be the initial treatment, but in case of carcinoma further surgery, that is, thyroidectomy with or without lymph node dissection, and treatment with radioactive iodine have to be considered according to the microscopic and clinical findings. Accurate pre-operative clinical and radiological evaluation should be performed in order to plan surgical strategy.</p

Determinants of Infant Mortality in Older ASEAN Economies

Infant mortality in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has been declining, yet disparities remain between the nations. This paper therefore explores the determinants of infant mortality in the older ASEAN-4 economies, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines using an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Error Correction Model framework. The key findings of the study are: First, there is evidence of long-run relationships among infant mortality, education, female fertility, income and access to healthcare. Second, the determinants of infant mortality vary between countries. Female fertility emerged as the main determinant of infant mortality in Malaysia, while access to healthcare matter for infant mortality in Indonesia, and to a lesser extent for the Philippines. The income effect is significant for reducing infant mortality in Malaysia, while female education is important for Indonesia and Thailand. Third, the speed of adjustment of infant mortality rate is comparatively low in ASEAN-4

The selection and function of cell type-specific enhancers

The human body contains several hundred cell types, all with the same genome. In metazoans, much of the regulatory code that drives cell type-specific gene expression resides in distal elements called enhancers. Enhancers are activated by proteins called transcription factors that bind specific DNA motifs and recruit co-regulators to ultimately activate transcription. While the human genome contains millions of potential enhancers, only a small subset of them is active in a given cell type. Densely spaced clusters of active enhancers, referred to as super-enhancers, are associated with the expression of genes that specify cell identity and function. On a genomic scale, the function of enhancers is influenced by, and in turn affects higher-order chromatin structure and nuclear organization