Comparing the cochlear spiral modiolar artery in type-1 and type-2 diabetes mellitus:a human temporal bone study

This study examined whether pathological findings were present in cochlear vessels for patients with diabetes mellitus. Twenty-six temporal bones from 13 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and 40 temporal bones from 20 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were examined. Type 2 diabetic temporal bones were divided into 2 groups according to diabetic management (22 temporal bones with insulin therapy, and 18 with oral hypoglycemic drugs). Age-matched normal control temporal bones were also selected. The vessel wall thickness in the cochlear spiral modiolar artery was measured under a light microscope, and the vessel wall ratio (vessel wall thickness/outer diameter of the vessel×100) was calculated. The vessel wall thickness and vessel wall ratio in type 1 diabetes mellitus were significantly greater than in normal controls. Type 2 diabetic patients with insulin therapy showed significantly greater vessel wall thickness and vessel wall ratios than controls. In type 2 diabetes mellitus, the vessel wall thickness and vessel wall ratio were greater in patients treated with insulin therapy than in those treated with oral hypoglycemic agents. Type 2 diabetic patients with insulin therapy showed an increased vessel wall thickness and vessel wall ratio compared to patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. In conclusion, the cochlea in patients with diabetes mellitus shows circulatory disturbance compared to age-matched normal controls

Analysis of Fe XXI Spectral Lines Measured in LHD Plasma

We measured extreme ultraviolet spectra of plasmas in the Large Helical Device after an Fe pellet was injected and analyzed the Fe XXI spectral lines λ 12.12 nm (2s22p2 3P2-2s2p3 3P2) and λ 12.875 nm (2s22p2 3P0-2s2p3 3D1). By constructing a collisional-radiative model for Fe XXI, we obtained the electron density dependence of the line intensity ratio, which is the result of the excitation process among the fine-structure levels of the ground state, 2s22p2 3PJ by electron and proton impact. Using the obtained electron density dependence, we estimated the electron density from the measured intensity ratio. By comparing the estimated density with the electron density distribution measured by a far infrared interferometer, we could estimate the location of the Fe XXI emitting region. We found that Fe XXI appeared first around the density peak formed by the pellet and later expanded toward a low-density region. The corresponding electron temperature of the location is lower than that for ionization equilibrium, and the Fe XXI ions are expected to be in a non-equilibrium ionization state