Social-aware Forwarding in Opportunistic Wireless Networks: Content Awareness or Obliviousness?

With the current host-based Internet architecture, networking faces limitations in dynamic scenarios, due mostly to host mobility. The ICN paradigm mitigates such problems by releasing the need to have an end-to-end transport session established during the life time of the data transfer. Moreover, the ICN concept solves the mismatch between the Internet architecture and the way users would like to use it: currently a user needs to know the topological location of the hosts involved in the communication when he/she just wants to get the data, independently of its location. Most of the research efforts aim to come up with a stable ICN architecture in fixed networks, with few examples in ad-hoc and vehicular networks. However, the Internet is becoming more pervasive with powerful personal mobile devices that allow users to form dynamic networks in which content may be exchanged at all times and with low cost. Such pervasive wireless networks suffer with different levels of disruption given user mobility, physical obstacles, lack of cooperation, intermittent connectivity, among others. This paper discusses the combination of content knowledge (e.g., type and interested parties) and social awareness within opportunistic networking as to drive the deployment of ICN solutions in disruptive networking scenarios. With this goal in mind, we go over few examples of social-aware content-based opportunistic networking proposals that consider social awareness to allow content dissemination independently of the level of network disruption. To show how much content knowledge can improve social-based solutions, we illustrate by means of simulation some content-oblivious/oriented proposals in scenarios based on synthetic mobility patterns and real human traces.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figure

Mudança narrativa em psicoterapia

Tese de doutoramento em Psicologia, área de Psicologia Clí­nica.Com este trabalho, que inclui urna série de Estudos Sistemáticos de Caso, procurou-se compreender a mudança narrativa do cliente no processo da psicoterapia. Na perseguição desse objectivo avaliou-se a mudança narrativa em casos considerados prototíticos de sucesso e de insucesso em psicoterapia, e também sessões-modelo, consideradas como um prototipo do respectivo modelo terapêutico. Assim, desenvolveram-se quatro tipos de estudos: (1) estudos a partir amostras clínicas, de projectos de investigação da eficácia da psicoterapia, (2) estudos a partir de amostras de díades concebidas para o ensino dos vários modelos de psicoterapia, em que diferentes fundadores ou peritos em determinado modelo terapêutico interagem com um indivíduo no sentido de transmitir o que é considerado como uma sessão típica de determinado modelo; (3) estudos em que se compararam as médias de cotações narrativas dos pacientes populações clínicas com as cotações das narrativas dos clientes em interacção com o fundador ou o terapeuta-perito do respectivo modelo terapêutico (ex. comparou-se as cotações das narrativas dos clientes seguidos pela terapia Cognitiva com a cotação do cliente acompanhado por Beck); e (4) estudos em que se comparou a evolução narrativa nas 1ª e 2ª fase do tratamento, entre casos de sucesso e de estudos de insucesso. No primeiro (1) grupo de estudos, seleccionaram-se casos prototípicos de sucesso e de insucesso de 6 modelos terapêuticos diferentes (terapia Cognitiva, Narrativa, Prescritiva, Experimental, Centrada no Cliente e Linguística de Avaliação. De cada caso seleccionaram-se 3 sessões: uma da fase inicial, intermédia e da fase final. Estas sessões (no total de 36 sessões das 3 fases de tratamento de 12 pacientes) foram transcritas e cotadas nas diferentes dimensões narrativas (Estrutura, Processo e Conteúdo). Os resultados revelam a existência de maiores níveis de mudança narrativa entre clientes casos de sucesso terapêutico do que clientes casos de insucesso. Os resultados evidenciam ainda que determinadas variáveis (Sequência Estrutural, Subjectivacão Cognitiva, Metaforização, Acontecimentos e Cenários) estão mais associadas ao sucesso terapêutico do que outras. Ao nível das dimensões narrativas, o Conteúdo parece ser a dimensão mais associada aos casos de sucesso terapêutico. No segundo (2) grupo de estudos, analisaram-se 22 sessões terapêuticas gravadas pela American Psychological Association (APA) e Shostrom em que os fundadores ou terapeutas-peritos mostravam uma sessão prototípica do respectivo modelo. As sessões foram codificadas ao nível das dimensões da Estrutura, Processo e conteúdo. Os resultados evidenciam cotações narrativas diferentes em indivíduos acompanhados por terapeutas e modelos diferentes. Verifica-se ainda que o mesmo terapeuta proporciona cotações narrativas muito semelhantes em clientes diferentes (ex. Rogers com Gloria e Cathy), da mesma forma que o mesmo cliente regista cotações narrativas muito dispares quando acompanhado por terapeutas diferentes (ex. Gloria com Rogers, Ellis e Pearls). No terceiro (3) grupo de estudos, comparando as médias das cotações narrativas dos pacientes dos projectos de investigação com as cotações dos indivíduos acompanhados pelos fundadores ou terapeutas-peritos do respectivo modelo, verifica-se que os casos de sucesso são aqueles que apresentam uma cotação narrativa mais próxima da cotação narrativa obtida pelos indivíduos acompanhados pelos fundadores ou pelos terapeutas-peritos. No quarto (4) grupo de estudos, em que se explorou a relação da mudança narrativa ao longo do processo terapêutico, verificou-se que a mudança narrativa ocorre maioritariamente na 1ª fase do tratamento. Em todos estes estudos, os resultados devem ser interpretados com precaução por se tratarem de estudos de caso. Estes estudos devem encorajar o desenvolvimento de outros estudos em que se possam testar estes resultados em amostras maiores.This work aims to, through Systematic Cases Methodology, have a deeper understanding of how the patients’narrative changes along the psychotherapeutic process. In order to achieve this goal, sessions of the patients that were considered prototypes of both good and had outcomes of different treatment models and sessions considered prototypes of different therapeutic models were analyzed. Four kinds of studies were developed: (1) studies using psychotherapeutic results research samples, e.g., clinic samples, (2) studies using therapeutic video tapes dyads that were created for training or psychotherapists, in which founders or expert therapists interacted with a patient in order to exemplify what a typical session of a specific therapeutic model would be like; (3) narrative ratings of patients in psychotherapy research projects and narrative ratings of clients of therapeutic models founders or expert-therapists were compared (e.g. narrative ratings of patients followed with cognitive therapy were compared with narrative ratings of the Aaron Beck dyad patient); and lastly, (4) narrative rating evolution which occurred in first and second treatment phases of both good and bad outcomes cases were compared. In the first study group, several Systematic Case Studies were developed. Prototypic cases of good and bad therapeutic outcomes (on the basis on evaluation instrument analysis of each research project) of each treatment model (Cognitive, Narrative, Prescriptive, Client Centered, Processual-Experential and Linguistic of Evaluation therapy) were selected. From each prototypic case three sessions were selected (one from the initial, the middle and the final treatment phase). These sessions (36 sessions from 3 treatment phases of 12 patients) were transcribed and coded in terms of three narrative dimensions (Structural, Coherence, Process Complexity and Content Diversity). Results showed bigger narrative change among patients with good therapeutic outcomes than patients with poor therapeutic outcomes. Results suggested also that some narrative subdimensions may be more related with therapeutic success than others, namely Structural Sequence, Cognitive, Subjectifying, Metaphorizing, Events and Settings. Finally, Content seemed to be the narrative dimension most related to good therapeutic outcomes. In the second study group, video tape sessions (22) produced by American Psychological Association and by Shostrom, where founders of therapeutic models or expert-therapists showed a prototypic session of a given model, were transcribed and coded in terms of Structural Coherence, Process Complexity and Content Diversity. Results showed clear differences between individuals that interacted with different therapist and therapeutic models. It is also evident that the same therapist promoted very similar narrative ratings in different patients (e.g. Rogers with Gloria and Cathy), and the same patient obtained very different narrative ratings depending on the therapist (e.g. Gloria with Rogers, Ellis and Pearls). In the third study group, we compared the narrative ratings of the patients in research projects with narratives ratings of individuals that interacted with founders and expert-therapists. Results indicate that the narrative ratings of the good outcomes cases were the ones that were closest to the narrative ratings of the individuals of the founders or expert-therapists dyads. Finally, in the fourth study group, radiations between narrative changing and treatment phases were analyzed. Results suggested that narrative change tends to occur mostly in the first treatment phase. All these results must be considered with caution due the nature of the case studies methodologies, and must be perceived as exploratory. And, most of all, these conclusions must inspire and foster studies that test these findings in bigger samples.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT).Fundo Social Europeu (FSE) - III Quadro Comunitário de Apoito

Colonial modern. Aesthetics of the past – rebellions for the future, by Tom Avermaete, Serhat Karakayali and Marion Von Osten

The book shows how North Africa’s architectural and urban experiments in the 1950s and 1960s represented a decisive shift in the modern movement paradigm

Traffic accidents: an econometric investigation

Based on a sample of drivers in Brasilia's streets, this article investigates whether distraction explains traffic accidents. A probit model is estimated to determine the predictive power of several variables on traffic accidents. The main conclusion drawn from this study is that the proxies used to measure distraction, such as the use of cell phones and cigarette smoking in a moving vehicle, are significant factors in determining traffic accidents.discriminant analysis