Efficacy of long-lasting insecticidal nets with declining physical and chemical integrity on Aedes aegypti (diptera : culicidae)

Fitting long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN) as screens on doors and windows has a significant impact on indoor adult Aedes aegypti, with entomological reductions measured in a previous study being significant for up to two years post-installation, even in the presence of pyrethroid-resistant Aedes populations. The study used bioassays (0, 6, and 12 months), which confirmed that LLIN residual activity decreased over time. However, the study demonstrates that the remaining chemical effect after field conditions still contributes to killing/repelling mosquitoes. LLIN screening from the neighborhood Juan Pablo II in Merida (Yucatan State, Mexico) were randomly selected. Merida is highly endemic for dengue and other Aedes-borne viruses

Consenso mexicano sobre probióticos en gastroenterología

Introducción: El uso de los probióticos es común en la práctica clínica. Existe un número signi-ficativo de estudios que apoyan la eficacia de los probióticos en algunos trastornos digestivos.Sin embargo, el desconocimiento de la evidencia científica y las diferentes presentaciones ycomposiciones microbianas de los probióticos disponibles dificultan su prescripción.Objetivo: Proveer al clínico de una revisión consensuada sobre los probióticos y recomendacio-nes de su uso en gastroenterología.Material y métodos: Se seleccionaron los ensayos clínicos controlados, metaanálisis y revisio-nes sistemáticas publicados hasta 2015, usando los términos MESH: probiotics, gastrointestinaldiseases, humans, adults and children. Se utilizó la metodología Delphi. Diecisiete gastroente-rólogos de adultos y 12 de ni˜nos elaboraron enunciados los cuales fueron votados hasta obteneracuerdo > 70%. Para cada enunciado se evaluó el nivel de evidencia basado en el sistema GRADE.Resultados y conclusiones: Se generaron 11 enunciados sobre conceptos generales de probió-ticos y 27 enunciados sobre uso de probióticos en enfermedades gastrointestinales tanto enni˜nos como en adultos. El grupo de consenso recomienda el uso de probióticos en las siguientescondiciones clínicas: prevención de la diarrea asociada a antibióticos, tratamiento de la diarreaaguda infecciosa, prevención de infección por Clostridium difficile y enterocolitis necrosante,para disminuir los eventos adversos de la terapia de erradicación del Helicobacter pylori, elalivio de los síntomas del síndrome de intestino irritable, en el estre˜nimiento funcional deladulto, para inducir y mantener la remisión en pacientes con colitis ulcerosa crónica idiopáticay pouchitis, y en la encefalopatía hepática oculta y manifiesta.© 2016 Asociaci´on Mexicana de Gastroenterolog´ıa. Publicado por Masson Doyma M´exico S.A.Este es un art´ıculo Open Access bajo la licencia CC BY-NC-ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). ASTRACT Introduction: Probiotics are frequently prescribed in clinical practice. Their efficacy in treatinggastrointestinal disorders is supported by a significant number of clinical trials. However, thecorrect prescription of these agents is hampered due to a lack of knowledge of the scientificevidence and to the different presentations and microbial compositions of the probiotics thatare currently available.Aim: To provide the clinician with a consensus review of probiotics and recommendations fortheir use in gastroenterology.Materials and methods: Controlled clinical trials, meta-analyses, and systematic reviewspublished up to 2015 were selected, using the MESH terms: probiotics, gastrointestinal diseases,humans, adults, AND children. The Delphi method was employed. Eighteen gastroenterologiststreating adult patients and 14 pediatric gastroenterologists formulated statements that werevoted on until agreement > 70% was reached. The level of evidence based on the GRADE systemwas evaluated for each statement.Results and conclusions: Eleven statements on the general concepts of probiotics and 27 sta-tements on the use of probiotics in gastrointestinal diseases in both adults and children wereformulated. The consensus group recommends the use of probiotics under the following clini-cal conditions: the prevention of diarrhea associated with antibiotics, the treatment of acuteinfectious diarrhea, the prevention of Clostridium difficile infection and necrotizing enteroco-litis, the reduction of adverse events from Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy, relief fromirritable bowel syndrome symptoms, the treatment of functional constipation in the adult, and the induction and maintenance of remission in patients with ulcerative colitis and pouchitis,and the treatment of covert and overt hepatic encephalopathy.© 2016 Asociaci´on Mexicana de Gastroenterolog´ıa. Published by Masson Doyma M´exico S.A. Thisis an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Analysis of the process and observation error in recruitment estimates for the pacific sardine, Sardinops sagax caeruleus (Girard), off the southwest coast of the Baja California peninsula, Mexico

This paper analyzed the dynamics of the stock-recruitment relationship for the Pacific sardine Sardinops sagax caeruleus (Girard) off the southwest coast of the Baja California peninsula, Mexico, from 1981 to 1993. A maximum likelihood estimator was used to estimate the parameters of the model assuming two hypotheses: (a) process error in the model and (b) observation error in the data. The results showed that the hypothesis of the process error was accepted. The parameter values and confidence intervals (CI) were as follows: α = 2.7 (CI = 2.0–3.6, P < 0.05) and ß = 0.04 (CI = 0.03–0.05, P < 0.05), with σ = 0.58; the maximum value of the objective function L(REst\α, ß) = 1.16 x 10–5. In this paper, environmental variability is not interpreted as random variability (noise); the model was used to demonstrate and quantify effects of a statistical hypothesis on the possible stock-recruitment relationship, based on the error structure of the model and the stochastic effect on the parameters

Bayes theorem applied to the yield estimate of the Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax coeruleus Girard) from Bahia Magdalena, Baja California Sur, Mexico

 The yield of the Pacific sardine Sardinops sagax caeruleus from Bahía Magdalena, B.C.S., was analyzed using a stockrecruitment model. The model was stochastic, and it used the hypotheses of process error (H1) in the model, and observation error (H2) in the data. The results showed a positive bias in the management quantities and the parameters of the model. Confronting both hypotheses with a Monte Carlo simulation resulted in evidences of the effect of the observation error in the measurement of the adult stock of the sardine population. Statistical analysis supported in the Bayes theorem showed that the probabilities estimated from a maximum likelihood model for hypothesis H1 are informative enough as prior probability. In this way, the maximun sustainable yield (MSY) of the fishery was 14,400 t with uMSY = 0.35. The decision table showed that parameters of the model have a probability > 0.80 for α (density-independent parameter) between 0.040 and 0.058, while β (density-dependent parameter) varies between 1.6 and 2.2 with a probability > 0.85. The joint distribution of both parameters allowed a yield 10,100 t < MSY < 20,200 t per fishing season

Comments about the relationship between temperature and giant squid catches

The fishery of the giant squid (Dosidicus gigas D'Orbigny, 1835) is an unstable resource that has shown wide variations in its abundance and availability in the last 20 years, which were tried to be explained by a hypothesis that related the effects of El Niño and the sea temperature on the fishery. Recently, with data obtained in research surveys, the hypothesis that water temperature is a factor that affects the displacement of the squid has been considered again, in such a way that catches can be related to the average temperature in the fishing zones, validating the hypothesis with relative abundance data (AR), obtained in a research survey, which are known to be highly skewed. In this way, the accuracy in the catch-environment relationship of the giant squid is determined by two factors: (a) the correct estimation of the resource's AR index, which must be corrected with an unbiased estimator of minimum variance, under a lognormal distribution, what allows working data series without discarding information; and (b) the functional relationship of AR with temperature and therefore, recognizing that the relationship between temperature and squid catches is not direct (linear), thus understanding that the effect of the sea temperature on the squid's AR index is random, since in the AR there is an observation error that must be evaluated

Stochastic estimation of the catchability and recruitment of the jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas (D'Orbigny, 1835) Of The Gulf Of California, Mexico

In this paper a depletion model with two different approaches (stochastic and deterministic) was analyzed, in order to compare the observation error hypothesis in the catch-per-unit effort (CPUE) data, and the process error in the model, as well as its effect on the recruitment and catchability estimates in the jumbo squid fishery from the Gulf of California, Mexico. Results showed an underestimation of the catchability (q) when the deterministic aproach was used. The observation error showed a bias in q (+31%) higher than in recruitment (+8%), while a Monte Carlo simulation estimated a negative bias for q, and a positive bias in recruitment. The computation of the expected value of catchability ( E(ˆqCPUE/Ci)) was 2.8 × 10–4, while the confidence intervals with the deterministic model were 3.3 × 10–4 < q < 4.1 × 10–4, showing that the estimate of E(ˆqCPUE/Ci) was not within these confidence intervals.  E(ˆqCPUE/Ci) fitted the model to the data, describing the trend of the CPUE index in time, and its implications in the management of the jumbo squid fishery

Dynamic catch-effort model for brown shrimp Farfantepenaeus californiensis (holmes) from the Gulf of california, Mexico

We analyzed the catch and effort data for the brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus californiensis) fishery over 22 years. We used a biomass dynamic model in a stochastic version to analyze the catch-per-unit effort of the trawl fishery in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Two hypotheses were proposed: the first (observation error) assumes that the catch-per-unit effort (CPUE) is measured with error, while in the second (process error), the variability of the population is produced by factors not included in the model. The results show that the hypothesis of the process error was accepted. In this case, the hypothesis of the process error recognizes several sources of perturbation in the model. For example, changes in the size structure of the shrimp population, changes in the natural mortality, variations in the fecundity or recruitment, and changes in the environment. Evidence of the relation between the environment and the shrimp population is discussed, as is the possibility of proposing a biological hypothesis for the trends of the population and the CPUE

Variation in relative abundance and mean size of the sailfish Istiophorus platypterus caught by the artisanal fleet in the Gulf of Tehuantepec, Mexico

The sailfish Istiophorus platypterus is abundant in tropical coastal areas of the Pacific Ocean. It is targeted by both sport-fishing and commercial (artisanal) fleets in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Panama. The Gulf of Tehuantepec is one of the main areas of abundance of I. platypterus, where it is caught incidentally by artisanal vessels. The objective of this study was to analyze the size structure and the variability in the catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) of sailfish caught in the Gulf of Tehuantepec from 2000 to 2008. The size structure was analyzed using eye-fork length (EFL) and CPUE was estimated as the number of individuals per fishing trip. Individuals ranged in size from 55 to 240 cm EFL and varied in total weight from 1.6 to 69.7 kg. The size structure was unimodal, and the variability over time showed a negative tendency (F(0.05(1),8,4967) = 6.8E + 8; P < 0.05). The CPUE of I. platypterus showed seasonal changes: values were lower from January to April and higher during the summer, and then decreased again in early winter