Presentations of major peripheral arterial disease and risk of major outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: results from the ADVANCE-ON study.

BACKGROUND: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is known to be associated with high cardiovascular risk, but the individual impact of PAD presentations on risk of macrovascular and microvascular events has not been reliably compared in patients with type 2 diabetes. We aimed to evaluate the impact of major PAD, and its different presentations, on the 10-year risk of death, major macrovascular events, and major clinical microvascular events in these patients. METHODS: Participants in the action in diabetes and vascular disease: PreterAx and DiamicroN modified-release controlled evaluation (ADVANCE) trial and the ADVANCE-ON post-trial study were followed for a median of 5.0 (in-trial), 5.4 (post-trial), and 9.9 (overall) years. Major PAD at baseline was subdivided into lower-extremity chronic ulceration or amputation secondary to vascular disease and history of peripheral revascularization by angioplasty or surgery. RESULTS: Among 11,140 participants, 516 (4.6 %) had major PAD at baseline: 300 (2.7 %) had lower-extremity ulceration or amputation alone, 190 (1.7 %) had peripheral revascularization alone, and 26 (0.2 %) had both presentations. All-cause mortality, major macrovascular events, and major clinical microvascular events occurred in 2265 (20.3 %), 2166 (19.4 %), and 807 (7.2 %) participants, respectively. Compared to those without PAD, patients with major PAD had increased rates of all-cause mortality (HR 1.35, 95 % CI 1.15-1.60, p = 0.0004), and major macrovascular events (1.47 [1.23-1.75], p < 0.0001), after multiple adjustments for region of origin, cardiovascular risk factors and treatments, peripheral neuropathy markers, and randomized treatments. We have also observed a trend toward an association of baseline PAD with risk of major clinical microvascular events [1.31 (0.96-1.78), p = 0.09]. These associations were comparable for patients with a lower-extremity ulceration or amputation and for those with a history of peripheral revascularization. Furthermore, the risk of retinal photocoagulation or blindness, but not renal events, increased in patients with lower-extremity ulceration or amputation [1.53 (1.01-2.30), p = 0.04]. CONCLUSIONS: Lower-extremity ulceration or amputation, and peripheral revascularization both increased the risks of death and cardiovascular events, but only lower-extremity ulceration or amputation increased the risk of severe retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Screening for major PAD and its management remain crucial for cardiovascular prevention in patients with type 2 diabetes (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00949286)

On the Representation Theory of Orthofermions and Orthosupersymmetric Realization of Parasupersymmetry and Fractional Supersymmetry

We construct a canonical irreducible representation for the orthofermion algebra of arbitrary order, and show that every representation decomposes into irreducible representations that are isomorphic to either the canonical representation or the trivial representation. We use these results to show that every orthosupersymmetric system of order $p$ has a parasupersymmetry of order $p$ and a fractional supersymmetry of order $p+1$.Comment: 13 pages, to appear in J. Phys. A: Math. Ge

Solutions of Higher Dimensional Gauss-Bonnet FRW Cosmology

We examine the effect on cosmological evolution of adding a Gauss-Bonnet term to the standard Einstein-Hilbert action for a (1 + 3)+ d dimensional Friedman-Robertson-Walker (FRW) metric. By assuming that the additional dimensions compactify as a power law as the usual 3 spatial dimensions expand, we solve the resulting dynamical equations and find that the solution may be of either de Sitter or Kasner form depending upon whether the Gauss-Bonnet term or the Einstein term dominates.Comment: 10 pages, references added/corrected, accepted for publication in General Relativity and Gravitatio

Gauging the Wess-Zumino term of a sigma model with boundary

We investigate the gauging of the Wess-Zumino term of a sigma model with boundary. We derive a set of obstructions to gauging and we interpret them as the conditions for the Wess-Zumino term to extend to a closed form in a suitable equivariant relative de Rham complex. We illustrate this with the two-dimensional sigma model and we show that the new obstructions due to the boundary can be interpreted in terms of Courant algebroids. We specialise to the case of the Wess-Zumino-Witten model, where it is proved that there always exist suitable boundary conditions which allow gauging any subgroup which can be gauged in the absence of a boundary. We illustrate this with two natural classes of gaugings: (twisted) diagonal subgroups with boundary conditions given by (twisted) conjugacy classes, and chiral isotropic subgroups with boundary conditions given by cosets.Comment: 18 pages (minor changes in response to referee report

Two Dimensional Fractional Supersymmetry from the Quantum Poincare Group at Roots of Unity

A group theoretical understanding of the two dimensional fractional supersymmetry is given in terms of the quantum Poincare group at roots of unity. The fractional supersymmetry algebra and the quantum group dual to it are presented and the pseudo-unitary, irreducible representations of them are obtained. The matrix elements of these representations are explicitly constructed.Comment: 10 pages. Some misprints are corrected. To appear in J. Phys.

5-Dimensional Kaluza-Klein Theory with a Source

A free test particle in 5-dimensional Kaluza-Klein spacetime will show its electricity in the reduced 4-dimensional spacetime when it moves along the fifth dimension. In the light of this observation, we study the coupling of a 5-dimensional dust field with the Kaluza-Klein gravity. It turns out that the dust field can curve the 5-dimensional spacetime in such a way that it provides exactly the source of the electromagnetic field in the 4-dimensional spacetime after the dimensional reduction.Comment: 8 pages, three references adde

Virial mass in DGP brane cosmology

We study the virial mass discrepancy in the context of a DPG brane-world scenario and show that such a framework can offer viable explanations to account for the mass discrepancy problem. This is done by defining a geometrical mass $\mathcal{N}$ that we prove to be proportional to the virial mass. Estimating $\mathcal{N}$ using observational data, we show that it behaves linearly with $r$ and has a value of the order of $M_{200}$, pointing to a possible resolution of the virial mass discrepancy. We also obtain the radial velocity dispersion of galaxy clusters and show that it is compatible with the radial velocity dispersion profile of such clusters. This velocity dispersion profile can be used to differentiate various models predicting the virial mass.Comment: 12 pages, 1 figure, to appear in CQ

Mécanisme de branchement et précipitation lamellaire dans l’alliage Cu-7, 5 àt. % In Branching mechanism and lamellar precipitation in the Cu-7, 5 at. % In alloy

RESUME- L'intérêt de ce travail est la mise en évidence d'une part de l’effet de la déformation plastique sur les mécanismes gouvernant la précipitation discontinue et d’autre part la morphologie du précipité lamellaire dans l’alliage Cu-7,5 at.% In. Différentes techniques d'analyses ont été utilisées à cet égard tels que: la microscopie optique, l'analyse thermique différentielle et la microscopie électronique à transmission (MET). Les résultats obtenus lors du vieillissement de l'alliage Cu-7,5 at.% In à 400 °C, sont cohérents entre eux et confirment plusieurs travaux consacrés à ce domaine, tels que le développement des précipités lamellaires à partir d’un joint de grain, différentes orientations des lamelles dans la même cellule ont été aussi observées. La réaction discontinue peut se développer aussi dans les joints de d’interphases et dont le mode favorable de multiplication des lamelles est le mécanisme de branchement.  The aim of this work is to make the evidence on the one hand the effect of the plastic deformation on the mechanism of the discontinuous precipitation and the lamellar precipitate morphology in the Cu-7, 5 at. % In alloy.  Different techniques of analysis have been used in this respect such as the optical microscopy, the differential thermal analysis and electron and transmission microscopy.The obtained results during aging of the alloy Cu-7, at 5.% In at 400 ° C confirm various works achieved in this field , it was observed that the lamellar precipitates develop starting from a grain boundary and deferent lamellar orientations in the same cell were observed. The discontinuous reaction can also develop in the interphase boundaries and the branching mechanism is the favourable mode of the precipitate lamellas multiplication

LA DISPONIBILITE ET LES CONCEPTS F.M.D EN MAINTENANCE INDUSTRIELLE

Le concept maintenance, considéré encore comme une fatalité éprouvée par les gestionnaires, est une approche ou plus une adéquation d’un ensemble d’activités visant à maintenir à un degré convenable les moyens de production à un prix optimum pour satisfaire la disponibilité et la sécurité des équipements. La maintenance s’impose impérativement dans la fonction de la gestion de la production même et exige des décisions pour que ses objectifs, préalablement définis, soient atteints. La maintenance est l’ensemble des opérations (dépannage, graissage, visite, réparation, amélioration, ...) qui permettent de conserver le potentiel du matériel donc en état de stabilité pour assurer la continuité du matériel et la qualité de la production dans les conditions de sécurité. Bien maintenir, c’est assurer ces opérations au coût global optimum. La tendancescientifique que les technologues sont contraints de pratiquer pour maintenir à un degré appréciable et avancé la disponibilité quasi permanente des équipements industriels de production à des prix toniques s’oriente vers le défi zéro panne et zéro stock de pièces de rechange. The concept of maintenance seen as inevitableeven by experienced managers,is more an approach or match a set of activities designed to maintain a proper degree the means of production to an optimal price to meet the availability and security equipment. Maintenance absolutely bound in the function of managing the production itself and requires decisions to ensure its objectives, previously defined, are met. Maintenance is the set of operations (repairs, lubrication,visit, repair, improvement ...)that keep the potential of the material thus in a state of stability to ensure continuity and quality of material production in safely. Well maintained, ensuring that these operations to the overall cost optimum.The scientific tendency that technologists are forced to practice to maintain a substantial degree and short-term availability of advanced industrial equipment production at prices tonic moves to challenge zero breakdowns and zero stock of spare parts

Cosmic Censorship and the Dilaton

We investigate extremal electrically charged black holes in Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton theory with a cosmological constant inspired by string theory. These solutions are not static, and a timelike singularity eventually appears which is not surrounded by an event horizon. This suggests that cosmic censorship may be violated in this theory.Comment: 16 pages, NSF-ITP-93-9