Predictive modeling of complications

Predictive analytic algorithms are designed to identify patterns in the data that allow for accurate predictions without the need for a hypothesis. Therefore, predictive modeling can provide detailed and patient-specific information that can be readily applied when discussing the risks of surgery with a patient. There are few studies using predictive modeling techniques in the adult spine surgery literature. These types of studies represent the beginning of the use of predictive analytics in spine surgery outcomes. We will discuss the advancements in the field of spine surgery with respect to predictive analytics, the controversies surrounding the technique, and the future directions

The role of NF-kappaB, IRF-1, STA-1alpha transcription factors in the iNOS gene induction by gliadin and IFN-gamma in RAW 264.7 macrophages.

Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of celiac disease. We have examined the involvement of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1), and signal transducer and activator of transcription-1alpha (STAT-1alpha) on the synergistic induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression by gliadin (G) in association with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in RAW 264.7 macrophages. We found that IFN-gamma was efficient in enhancing the basal transcription of the iNOS promoter at 1, 6, and 24 h, whereas G had no effect. The G plus IFN-gamma association caused an increase in iNOS promoter activity which was inhibited by pyrrolidine dithiocarbammate (PDTC) at 6 and 24 h as well as by genistein (Gen) and tyrphostine B42 (TB42) at 1 h, inhibitors of NF-kappaB, IRF-1, and STAT-1alpha activation, respectively. Similarly, the IFN-gamma and G combination treatment led to a higher increase in iNOS mRNA levels at 1, 6, and 24 h compared with IFN-gamma alone. Gen and TB42 inhibited iNOS mRNA levels at 1 h, whereas PDTC inhibited iNOS mRNA levels at 6 and 24 h. In addition, the synergistic induction of iNOS gene expression by G plus IFN-gamma correlated with the induction of NF-kappaB, IRF-1, and STAT-1alpha/DNA binding activity and mRNA expression. In conclusion, our study, which provides evidence that the effect of G on iNOS gene transcription in IFN-gamma-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells can be ascribed to all three transcription factors, may contribute to lead to new insights into the molecular mechanisms governing the inflammatory process in celiac disease