HIIE AND EE: WHICH FOR WEIGHT LOSS? A COMPARISON OF EPOC

K.D.A. Davey, and M.M. Lockard Willamette University, Salem, OR In 2009-2010, American obesity rates were at an all-time high of 35.7%. High intensity interval exercise (HIIE) has been suggested as a weight-loss exercise regimen in place of endurance exercise (EE), despite HIIE sessions requiring significantly less energy. Greater EPOC, or increased post-exercise resting energy expenditure (REE), may account for the previously observed weight loss of HIIE compared to EE. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to quantify the increases in REE in subjects between 30-50 years old after completing HIIE and EE to determine which exercise protocol elicits larger increases. Furthermore, as HIIE is very vigorous, a secondary goal was to assess long-term exercise sustainability. METHODS: Six adults between 30-50 years underwent baseline REE measurement before HIIE or EE, and again 8 and 24 hours post-exercise. HIIE consisted of four Wingate tests on a cycle ergometer separated by 4.5 minutes. EE was 30 minutes at 60% heart rate reserve on a cycle ergometer. Subjects completed a survey immediately post-exercise to assess exercise sustainability. RESULTS: REE 8 hours post-HIIE was significantly greater than baseline (p=0.010). 24hr HIIE, 8hr EE, and 24hr EE REE approached significant difference from baseline (p≤0.053 for all values). HIIE 8hr REE values approached significant difference from 8hr EE (p=0.086). Survey results reveal HIIE is enjoyable and appropriate to continue long-term. CONCLUSION: HIIE and EE both increase post-exercise caloric expenditure, and evidence presented here suggests HIIE may elicit larger increases than EE. HIIE is an appropriate exercise protocol for weight loss. Supported by a Carson Grant from Willamette Universit

HIIE AND EE: WHICH FOR WEIGHT LOSS? A COMPARISON OF EPOC

K.D.A. Davey, and M.M. Lockard Willamette University, Salem, OR In 2009-2010, American obesity rates were at an all-time high of 35.7%. High intensity interval exercise (HIIE) has been suggested as a weight-loss exercise regimen in place of endurance exercise (EE), despite HIIE sessions requiring significantly less energy. Greater EPOC, or increased post-exercise resting energy expenditure (REE), may account for the previously observed weight loss of HIIE compared to EE. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to quantify the increases in REE in subjects between 30-50 years old after completing HIIE and EE to determine which exercise protocol elicits larger increases. Furthermore, as HIIE is very vigorous, a secondary goal was to assess long-term exercise sustainability. METHODS: Six adults between 30-50 years underwent baseline REE measurement before HIIE or EE, and again 8 and 24 hours post-exercise. HIIE consisted of four Wingate tests on a cycle ergometer separated by 4.5 minutes. EE was 30 minutes at 60% heart rate reserve on a cycle ergometer. Subjects completed a survey immediately post-exercise to assess exercise sustainability. RESULTS: REE 8 hours post-HIIE was significantly greater than baseline (p=0.010). 24hr HIIE, 8hr EE, and 24hr EE REE approached significant difference from baseline (p≤0.053 for all values). HIIE 8hr REE values approached significant difference from 8hr EE (p=0.086). Survey results reveal HIIE is enjoyable and appropriate to continue long-term. CONCLUSION: HIIE and EE both increase post-exercise caloric expenditure, and evidence presented here suggests HIIE may elicit larger increases than EE. HIIE is an appropriate exercise protocol for weight loss. Supported by a Carson Grant from Willamette Universit

Kinematics and biomechanics in normal and replacement elbow

The biomechanics of normal elbow is of primary importance because its comprehension can help the understanding of the functionality of the whole upper limb. The elbow represents a connecting point between the arm and the forearm contributing to modify the relationship between these segments to correctly position the hand in the three-dimensional space. In the following chapter, we will discuss which are the kinematic requirements needed to perform activities of daily living, as well as the impact of muscular actions and external forces on elbow. The final part of the chapter will focus on the role of biomechanics in elbow arthroplasty surgery and its implication in real-life settings

Cost-effectiveness of Strategies for Primary Prevention of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug-induced Peptic Ulcer Disease

OBJECTIVE: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) increase the risk of peptic ulcer disease by 5- to 7-fold in the first 3 months of treatment. This study examined the relative cost-effectiveness of different strategies for the primary prevention of NSAID-induced ulcers in patients that are starting NSAID treatment. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A decision analysis model was developed to compare the cost-effectiveness of 6 prophylactic strategies relative to no prophylaxis for patients 65 years of age starting a 3-month course of NSAIDs: (1) testing for Helicobacter pylori infection and treating those with positive tests; (2) empiric treatment of all patients for Helicobacter pylori; (3) conventional-dose histamine(2)receptor antagonists; (4) high-dose histamine(2)receptor antagonists; (5) misoprostol; and (6) omeprazole. Costs were estimated from 1997 Medicare reimbursement schedules and the Drug Topics Red Book. Empiric treatment of Helicobacter pylori with bismuth, metronidazole, and tetracycline was cost-saving in the baseline analysis. Selective treatment of Helicobacter pylori, misoprostol, omeprazole, and conventional-dose or high-dose histamine(2)receptor antagonists cost $23,800,$46,100, $34,400, and$15,600 or $21,500 per year of life saved, respectively, relative to prophylaxis. The results were sensitive to the probability of an ulcer, the probability and mortality of ulcer complications, and the cost of, efficacy of, and compliance with prophylaxis. The cost-effectiveness estimates did not change substantially when costs associated with antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori were incorporated. CONCLUSIONS: Several strategies for primary prevention of NSAID-induced ulcers in patients starting NSAIDs were estimated to have acceptable cost-effectiveness relative to prophylaxis. Empirically treating all patients for Helicobacter pylori with bismuth, metronidazole, and tetracycline was projected to be cost-saving in older patients