Recommendations for the quantitative analysis of landslide risk

This paper presents recommended methodologies for the quantitative analysis of landslide hazard, vulnerability and risk at different spatial scales (site-specific, local, regional and national), as well as for the verification and validation of the results. The methodologies described focus on the evaluation of the probabilities of occurrence of different landslide types with certain characteristics. Methods used to determine the spatial distribution of landslide intensity, the characterisation of the elements at risk, the assessment of the potential degree of damage and the quantification of the vulnerability of the elements at risk, and those used to perform the quantitative risk analysis are also described. The paper is intended for use by scientists and practising engineers, geologists and other landslide experts

PHOSPHORUS-NITROGEN COMPOUNDS: PART 25. SYNTHESES, SPECTROSCOPIC,

The condensation reactions of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (N3P3Cl6) with mono (1 and 2) and bisferrocenyldiamines (3-5 and 7) resulted in the formation of tetrachloro mono- (8 and 9) and bisferrocenylspirocyclotriphosphazenes (10-13). In addition the tetramorpholino mono- (8a and 9a) and bisferrocenylphosphazenes (10a-12a) were obtained from the reactions of the corresponding tetrachlorophosphazenes (8-12) with excess morpholine. The structures of all the phosphazenes were determined using FTIR, MS, H-1, C-13, and P-31 NMR and 2-dimensional NMR techniques. The structures of 9a and 13 were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. Cyclic voltammetric investigations of compounds 8a, 9a, and 11a revealed that ferrocene redox centers undergo reversible oxidation. These ferrocenylphosphazenes appear to be quite robust electrochemically. Interactions between the compounds 8a, 9a, 11a, and 12a and pBR322 plasmid DNA were investigated by agarose gel electrophoresis. [Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Phosphorus, Sulfer, and Silicon and the Related Elements for the following free supplemental files: Additional text and figures.

Remote sensing and GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping using frequency ratio and analytical hierarchy methods in Rize province (NE Turkey)

The northeast part of Turkey is prone to landslides because of the climatic conditions, as well as geologic and geomorphologic characteristics of the region. Especially, frequent landslides in the Rize province often result in significant damage to people and property. Therefore, in order to mitigate the damage from landslides and help the planners in selecting suitable locations for implementing development projects, especially in large areas, it is necessary to scientifically assess susceptible areas. In this study, the frequency ratio method and the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) were used to produce susceptibility maps. Especially, AHP gives best results because of allowing better structuring of various components, including both objective and subjective aspects and comparing them by a logical and thorough method, which involves a matrix-based pairwise comparison of the contribution of different factors for landslide. For this purpose, lithology, slope angle, slope aspect, land cover, distance to stream, drainage density, and distance to road were considered as landslide causal factors for the study area. The processing of multi-geodata sets was carried out in a raster GIS environment. Lithology was derived from the geological database and additional field studies; slope angle, slope aspect, distance to stream, distance to road and drainage density were invented from digital elevation models; land cover was produced from remote sensing imagery. In the end of study, the results of the analysis were verified using actual landslide location data. The validation results showed satisfactory agreement between the susceptibility map and the existing data on landslide locations.Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [106Y018]The authors would like to thank The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK; project number: 106Y018) for its financial support.WOS:0003063381000292-s2.0-8486408142