Effective Rheology of Bubbles Moving in a Capillary Tube

We calculate the average volumetric flux versus pressure drop of bubbles moving in a single capillary tube with varying diameter, finding a square-root relation from mapping the flow equations onto that of a driven overdamped pendulum. The calculation is based on a derivation of the equation of motion of a bubble train from considering the capillary forces and the entropy production associated with the viscous flow. We also calculate the configurational probability of the positions of the bubbles.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figur

Beam Energy Dependence of Jet-Quenching Effects in Au plus Au Collisions at root s(NN)=7.7, 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27, 39, and 62.4 GeV

We report measurements of the nuclear modification factor, $R_{ \mathrm{CP}}$, for charged hadrons as well as identified $\pi^{+(-)}$, $K^{+(-)}$, and $p(\overline{p})$ for Au+Au collision energies of $\sqrt{s_{_{ \mathrm{NN}}}}$ = 7.7, 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27, 39, and 62.4 GeV. We observe a clear high-$p_{\mathrm{T}}$ net suppression in central collisions at 62.4 GeV for charged hadrons which evolves smoothly to a large net enhancement at lower energies. This trend is driven by the evolution of the pion spectra, but is also very similar for the kaon spectra. While the magnitude of the proton $R_{ \mathrm{CP}}$ at high $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ does depend on collision energy, neither the proton nor the anti-proton $R_{ \mathrm{CP}}$ at high $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ exhibit net suppression at any energy. A study of how the binary collision scaled high-$p_{\mathrm{T}}$ yield evolves with centrality reveals a non-monotonic shape that is consistent with the idea that jet-quenching is increasing faster than the combined phenomena that lead to enhancement.We report measurements of the nuclear modification factor RCP for charged hadrons as well as identified π+(-), K+(-), and p(p¯) for Au+Au collision energies of sNN=7.7, 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27, 39, and 62.4 GeV. We observe a clear high-pT net suppression in central collisions at 62.4 GeV for charged hadrons which evolves smoothly to a large net enhancement at lower energies. This trend is driven by the evolution of the pion spectra but is also very similar for the kaon spectra. While the magnitude of the proton RCP at high pT does depend on the collision energy, neither the proton nor the antiproton RCP at high pT exhibit net suppression at any energy. A study of how the binary collision-scaled high-pT yield evolves with centrality reveals a nonmonotonic shape that is consistent with the idea that jet quenching is increasing faster than the combined phenomena that lead to enhancement

Design and Electro-Thermo-Mechanical Analysis of High Temperature Molybdenum Microheaters for Exhaust Gas Sensing Applications

Microheaters play a vital role in gas sensor applications. Exhaust gas sensors need high temperature microheaters to heat sensing films uniformly at low powers. In this paper, we present design and electro-thermo-mechanical analysis of molybdenum microheaters suitable for high temperature exhaust gas sensors. Double-spiral (DS), double-meander (DM), cross-meander (CS), modified-S (MS) and modified double spiral (MDS) shape structures were considered for simulation. The geometry of the resistive structure was optimized to improve temperature uniformity over a heating area of 500 X 500 mu m(2). Simulations show that the microheater consumed 83.65 mW power to reach a maximum temperature of 800 degrees C with a temperature gradient of 8.2 degrees C. Structural deformation of the microheater membrane was studied to determine its stability and reliability under high thermal stresses. The maximum membrane deformation was found to be 15.25 mu m at 800 degrees C. Platinum, tungsten and molybdenum microheaters were compared in terms of their power consumption, temperature gradient and membrane deformations

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Not AvailablePhospholipid (PL) constitutes the bilayer of the cell membrane and maintains cellular function like absorption, transportation, assimilation of lipid, eicosanoid synthesis, hormonal actionetc. These functions make PL as an essential nutrient for the larval nutrition of fish and crustacean. Several studies reported that inclusion of PL in the micro diet and enrichment of live foodwith PL improves growth, survival, qualityand immune responses in larvae. Use of PL in plant-based feed showspromising result for fish and shellfish production. Study on use of PL in aquaculture feed showimprovement of gut physiology, digestive enzyme activity, lipid transport, stress handling and enhance immunity through antibacterial and bactericidal effect. Asian catfish like Clarias batrachus, Heteroneustes fossilis etc. whose larval growth and survival is still challenging. Addition of PL in Asian catfish diet might be helpful to improve their survival and growth to promote adequate seed supply.Not Availabl