Changes in expression of polyamines and ethylene biosynthesis genes in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes during Sclerotium rolfsii infection

476-483Stem rot disease caused by fungal pathogen, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc., is potential threat to groundnut production in warm and humid condition. After host-pathogen interaction, a multitude of plant resistance associated reactions are initiated. In the present investigation we studied the role of polyamines and ethylene during host-pathogen interaction in stem rot tolerant (CS319, GG17 and GG31) and susceptible (TG37A) groundnut genotypes at 24, 48 and 72 h after infection. Stem rot tolerant genotypes showed higher expression of polyamine biosynthesis genes ornithine decarboxylase (Ordec), spermine synthase (Sms) and lipoxygenase1 (LOX1) gene at 72 h after infection than that of susceptible genotype TG37A. The expression analysis of ethylene biosynthesis genes (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase: ACCO and (ACCS) showed up regulation in stem rot susceptible genotype TG37A than that of tolerant genotypes after infection at all stages (24, 48 and 72 h after infection). The expression of amine oxidase (AMO) gene was observed highest in stem rot susceptible genotype TG37A while minimum in GJG31. Expression of this gene was remarkably induced in TG37A which may leads to higher accumulation of H2O2. Higher content of a polyamine, putrescine was found in the leaves of stem rot tolerant genotypes at 48 and 72 h after infection. These results implied that tolerant genotypes induced higher polyamine biosynthesis which may involve in plant defense and impart tolerance/ resistance. While, susceptible genotype (TG37A), utilized higher flux of S-Adenosyl methionine (SAM) for ethylene biosynthesis which may leads to necrosis of plants. Thus, stem rot resistant genotypes may be developed through genetic manipulation of polyamine biosynthesis pathway

An Observational Study Assessing Immediate Complete Versus Delayed Complete Revascularisation in Patients with Multi-Vessel Disease Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

Background: More than half of the patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) have multi-vessel coronary artery disease. This is associated with worse outcomes compared with single vessel disease. Whilst evidence now exists to support complete revascularisation for bystander disease the optimal timing is still debated. This study aimed to compare clinical outcomes in patients with STEMI and multi-vessel disease who underwent complete revascularisation as inpatients in comparison to patients who had staged PCI as early outpatients. Methods and results: We conducted an observational cohort study consisting of 1522 patients who underwent primary PCI with multi-vessel disease from 2012 to 2019. Exclusions included patients with cardiogenic shock and previous CABG. Patients were split into 2 groups depending on whether they had complete revascularisation performed as inpatients or as staged PCI at later outpatient dates. The primary outcome of this study was major adverse cardiac events (consisting of myocardial infarction, target vessel revascularisation and all-cause mortality).834 (54.8%) patients underwent complete inpatient revascularisation and 688 patients (45.2%) had outpatient PCI (median 43 days post discharge). Of the inpatient group, 652 patients (78.2%) underwent complete revascularisation during the index procedure whilst 182 (21.8%) patients underwent inpatient bystander PCI in a second procedure. Overall, there were no significant differences between the groups with regards to their baseline or procedural characteristics. Over the follow-up period there was no significant difference in MACE between the cohorts (P = .62), which persisted after multivariate adjustment (HR 1.21 [95% CI 0.72-1.96]). Furthermore, in propensity-matched analysis there was no significant difference in outcome between the groups (HR: 0.86 95% CI: 0.75-1.25). Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that the timing of bystander PCI after STEMI did not appear to have an effect on cardiovascular outcomes. We suggest that patients with multi-vessel disease can potentially be discharged promptly and undergo early outpatient bystander PCI. This could significantly reduce length of stay in hospital

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Not AvailableVarious metabolites were analyzed in groundnut genotypes grown under varying temperature regimes (based on date of sowing). Four contrasting groundnut genotypes viz. ICGS44 (high-temperature tolerant), AK159 and GG7 (moderately-high-temperature tolerant), and DRG1 (high-temperature sensitive) were grown at three different temperature regimes i.e., low (early date of sowing), normal (normal date of sowing) and high temperature (late date of sowing) under field conditions. Untargeted metabolomic analysis of leaf tissue was performed by GC–MS, while targeted metabolite profiling was carried out by HPLC (polyamines) and UPLC-MS/MS (phenolics) at both the pegging and pod filling stages. Untargeted metabolomic profiling revealed exclusive expression/induction of beta-d-galactofuranoside, l-threonine, hexopyranose, d-glucopyranose, stearic acid, 4-ketoglucose, d-gulose, 2-o-glycerol-alpha-d-galactopyranoside and serine in ICGS44 during the pegging stage under high-temperature conditions. During the pod filling stage at higher temperature, alpha-d-galactoside, dodecanedioic acid, 1-nonadecene, 1-tetradecene and beta-d-galactofuranose were found to be higher in both ICGS44 and GG7. Moreover, almost all the metabolites detected by GC–MS were found to be higher in GG7, except beta-d-galactopyranoside, beta-d-glucopyranose, inositol and palmitic acid. Accumulation of putrescine was observed to be higher during low-temperature stress, while agmatine showed constitutive expression in all the genotypes, irrespective of temperature regime and crop growth stage. Interestingly, spermidine was observed only in the high-temperature tolerant genotype ICGS44. In our study, we found a higher accumulation of cinnamic acid, caffeic acid, salicylic acid and vanillic acid in ICGS44 compared to that of other genotypes at the pegging stage, whereas catechin and epicatechin were found during the pod filling stage in response to high-temperature stress, suggesting their probable roles in heat-stress tolerance in groundnut.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableAlternaria leaf blight is major fungal disease of summer groundnut, causes significant loss of haulm and pod yield. Aims of this study were to understand the role of metabolites and phenylpropanoid related enzymes in Alternaria leaf blight resistance and to find out metabolic marker for disease resistance. Alternaria leaf blight resistant (GPBD4 and CS186) and susceptible genotypes (GG2 and TPG41) of groundnut were grown in pots during rabisummer 2015. Groundnut plants were infected with Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler at 40 days after sowing. 5 days after infection, upper second leaves were collected from both control and infected plants for analysis. A total of 67 metabolites comprising sugars, sugar alcohols, amino acids, organic acids, fatty acids, sterols and phenolic were identified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (non-targeted metabolomics). Constitutive levels of alpha- D-galactoside, D-mannitol, D-erythropentitol, glycine, and hexadecanoic acid were observed higher in resistant genotypes compared to susceptible genotypes. Moreover, arabinofuranose, cinnamic acid, 2-butendioic acid, and linoleic acid were observed only in resistant genotypes at both control and infected stage. In susceptible genotypes myo-inositol, glucose and fructose content was increased after infection with pathogen while decreased in resistant genotypes. Resistant genotypes had higher constitutive level of cinnamic and salicylic acid compared to susceptible genotypes. Non-infected leaves of resistant genotypes also had higher activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase and tyrosine ammonia lyase activities. Our results suggest that metabolites specifically present in resistant genotypes impart defense mechanism against Alternaria pathogen and can be used as bio-marker for screening of germplasm.Not Availabl

Randomized phase 2 trial of intracoronary nitrite during acute myocardial infarction

© 2014 American Heart Association, Inc. Rationale: Preclinical evidence demonstrates that inorganic nitrite, after its in situ conversion to nitric oxide, attenuates consequent myocardial reperfusion injury. Objective: We investigated whether intracoronary injection of nitrite during primary percutaneous coronary intervention might improve infarct size in ST-elevated myocardial infarction. Methods and Results: Patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (n=80) were randomized to receive intracoronary (10 mL) sodium nitrite (1.8 μmol) or NaCl (placebo) before balloon inflation. The primary end point was infarct size assessed by measuring creatine kinase release. Secondary outcomes included infarct size assessed by troponin T release and by cardiac MRI on day 2. Baseline characteristics were similar between the groups. No evidence of differences in creatine kinase release (P=0.92), troponin T (P=0.85), or cardiac MRI-assessed infarct size (P=0.254) were evident. In contrast, there was a reduction in myocardial salvage index (P=0.05) and major adverse cardiac event at 1 year (2.6% versus 15.8%; P=0.04) in the nitrite group. In a 66-patient subgroup with thrombolysis in myocardial infarction ≤1 flow, there was reduced serum creatine kinase (P=0.030) and a 19% reduction in cardiac MRI-determined infarct size (P=0.034) with nitrite. No adverse effects of nitrite were detected. Conclusions: In this phase II study, intracoronary nitrite infusion did not alter infarct size, although a trend to improved myocardial salvage index and a significant reduction in major adverse cardiac event was evident. In a subgroup of patients with thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow ≤1, nitrite reduced infarct size and major adverse cardiac event and improved myocardial salvage index, indicating that a phase III clinical trial assessing intracoronary nitrite administration as an adjunct to percutaneous coronary intervention in ST-elevated myocardial infarction patients is warranted

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