Bumble bee parasite strains vary in resistance to phytochemicals

Nectar and pollen contain diverse phytochemicals that can reduce disease in pollinators. However, prior studies showed variable effects of nectar chemicals on infection, which could reflect variable phytochemical resistance among parasite strains. Inter-strain variation in resistance could influence evolutionary interactions between plants, pollinators, and pollinator disease, but testing direct effects of phytochemicals on parasites requires elimination of variation between bees. Using cell cultures of the bumble bee parasite Crithidia bombi, we determined (1) growth-inhibiting effects of nine floral phytochemicals and (2) variation in phytochemical resistance among four parasite strains. C. bombi growth was unaffected by naturally occurring concentrations of the known antitrypanosomal phenolics gallic acid, caffeic acid, and chlorogenic acid. However, C. bombi growth was inhibited by anabasine, eugenol, and thymol. Strains varied >3-fold in phytochemical resistance, suggesting that selection for phytochemical resistance could drive parasite evolution. Inhibitory concentrations of thymol (4.53-22.2 ppm) were similar to concentrations in Thymus vulgaris nectar (mean 5.2 ppm). Exposure of C. bombi to naturally occurring levels of phytochemicals—either within bees or during parasite transmission via flowers—could influence infection in nature. Flowers that produce antiparasitic phytochemical, including thymol, could potentially reduce infection in Bombus populations, thereby counteracting a possible contributor to pollinator decline

Correlation between investment in sexual traits and valve sexual dimorphism in Cyprideis species (Ostracoda)

Assessing the long-term macroevolutionary consequences of sexual selection has been hampered by the difficulty of studying this process in the fossil record. Cytheroid ostracodes offer an excellent system to explore sexual selection in the fossil record because their readily fossilized carapaces are sexually dimorphic. Specifically, males are relatively more elongate than females in this superfamily. This sexual shape difference is thought to arise so that males carapaces can accommodate their very large copulatory apparatus, which can account for up to one-third of body volume. Here we test this widely held explanation for sexual dimorphism in cytheroid ostracodes by correlating investment in male genitalia, a trait in which sexual selection is seen as the main evolutionary driver, with sexual dimorphism of carapace in the genus Cyprideis. We analyzed specimens collected in the field (C. salebrosa, USA; C. torosa, UK) and from collections of the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC (C. mexicana). We digitized valve outlines in lateral view to obtain measures of size (valve area) and shape (elongation, measured as length to height ratio), and obtained several dimensions from two components of the hemipenis: the muscular basal capsule, which functions as a sperm pump, and the section that includes the intromittent organ (terminal extension). In addition to the assessment of this primary sexual trait, we also quantified two dimensions of the male secondary sexual trait-where the transformed right walking leg functions as a clasping organ during mating. We also measured linear dimensions from four limbs as indicators of overall (soft-part) body size, and assessed allometry of the soft anatomy. We observed significant correlations in males between valve size, but not elongation, and distinct structural parts of the hemipenis, even after accounting for their shared correlation with overall body size. We also found weak but significant positive correlation between valve elongation and the degree of sexual dimorphism of the walking leg, but only in C. torosa. The correlation between the hemipenis parts, especially basal capsule size and male valve size dimorphism suggests that sexual selection on sperm size, quantity, and/or efficiency of transfer may drive sexual size dimorphism in these species, although we cannot exclude other aspects of sexual and natural selection

Aspectos ultra-sonográficos da neoplasia epitelial papilífera sólido-cística do pâncreas Ultrasonography findings of solid-cystic papillary epithelial neoplasm of the pancreas

Os autores relatam os aspectos clínicos, macroscópicos e ultra-sonográficos em 11 pacientes com neoplasia epitelial papilífera sólido-cística (NEPSC) de pâncreas avaliados prospectivamente. Dez pacientes eram do sexo feminino e um era do sexo masculino, com idades entre 15 e 75 anos (média de 27 anos). Todos os pacientes tiveram diagnóstico de NEPSC de pâncreas comprovado por exame histopatológico e foram submetidos a exames de ultra-sonografia no pré-operatório. Foram avaliadas as dimensões, a localização e os aspectos ultra-sonográficos dos tumores, realizando-se correlação com suas características macroscópicas. O diâmetro transverso médio das lesões foi de 8,7 cm (variação: 4,2 a 16,0 cm). Três localizavam-se na cabeça, três no corpo e cinco na cauda do pâncreas. Todas as lesões tinham algum grau de hemorragia intratumoral e eram bem delimitadas e encapsuladas. Em todos os casos houve correlação completa entre o aspecto macroscópico dos tumores com os achados da ultra-sonografia. Os tumores eram predominantemente sólidos em três casos (27,3%), císticos em um (9,1%) e com aspecto sólido-cístico em sete (63,6%). Foram identificadas calcificações, predominantemente periféricas, em quatro (36,4%) dos 11 pacientes. Todos os tumores estabeleciam contato com algum segmento do eixo venoso espleno-mesentérico-portal. Em apenas um caso foi confirmada invasão vascular tumoral. Não foram identificadas metástases ganglionares ou a distância em nenhum paciente. Os autores concluem que as características ultra-sonográficas se correlacionaram com os aspectos macroscópicos das lesões em todos os casos, e que, embora não-específicas, elas são bastante sugestivas do diagnóstico de NEPSC se analisadas no contexto clínico apropriado.<br>The authors report the clinical, gross pathology and ultrasonography findings of 11 prospectively studied patients with solid and papillary epithelial neoplasm of the pancreas (SPEN). The patients were one male and ten females aged 15 to 75 years (mean age at diagnosis: 27 years). All patients had pathology proven SPEN and were submitted to preoperative ultrasonography. The size, location and ultrasonographic features of the tumors were evaluated and correlated with the gross pathology findings. The mean transverse diameter of these tumors was 8.7 cm (range: 4.2 cm to 16.0 cm). Tumors were located in the head (three cases), body (three cases) and tail (five cases) of the pancreas. All lesions were well encapsulated and presented some degree of internal hemorrhage. There was full correlation between ultrasonography and gross pathology findings. In three cases (27.3%) the tumors were predominantly solid, cystic in one case (9.1%), and had equal degrees of solid and cystic components in seven cases (63.6%). Calcifications, predominantly peripheral, were seen in four (36.4%) of the 11 patients. All tumors were in contact with the portal, mesenteric and splenic venous axis. In all cases except one there was no venous invasion. Lymph nodes or distant metastases were not observed in any of the patients. The authors concluded that in all cases there was a correlation between the ultrasonography and gross pathology findings, and although ultrasonography findings are not specific they may be highly suggestive of SPEN in the appropriate clinical context