カナダ英語小史

Many people believe that the English spoken in Canada is a direct descendant of British English, while many others believe that it is a regional variety of American English. Canadian English is a variety of English which resembles British English in some respects and American English in others, but, more importantly, it includes a great deal that is significantly Canadian. The explanation of this mixed character lies in the settlement history of the country. The influx of the "Loyalists" at the time of the American Revolution and subsequent massive immigration from the British Isles and Europe have contributed to the history and nature of Canadian English. On the other hand, the constant influence of American English should not be ignored. In fact, there are many Canadians who fear that they may lose their own national identity under the strong influence of the United States on every aspect of their daily life. In the absence of strong resistance against Americanization, English in Canada seems likely to approximate to American English, or at least to develop a larger common core with its southern neighbor

カナダ英語の発音

Languages characteristically have regional varieties. The English language, being a world language, has several major national varieties. Thus the English spoken in Canada has its own distinct features as well as similarities to the varieties of English used in the United Kingdom and the United States. In this paper I try to clarify Canadian preference in pronunciation, based on a survey conducted with 74 Canadians. The results show that Canadian speech sometimes follows a dominant American pattern, sometimes the British usage, sometimes a mixed pattern, and sometimes its own. Canadians tend to pronounce such words as ate, tomato, leisure, and missile in the same way as most Americans do. Some of these words reflect features of 17th and 18th century English speech which have been retained in most of North America, including Canada, but changed over time in standard English. On the other hand, Canadians prefer British pronunciation in such words as ration, lever, soot and route. This can be partly ascribed to the fact that many Canadians have identified themselves more with Britons than with Americans since the American Revolution. However, the cultural and linguistic influence of the United States upon Canada has always been so strong that it is not surprising that Canadian speech shows a mixed pattern in such words as student, progress, schedule, etc. At the same time, Canadians have their unique pronunciation in such words as out, write, father, calm, vase, guarantee, almond, etc., most of which have been carried over from the days of the early 19th century immigrants from various parts of the British Isles, where phonological changes have long since taken place. It is interesting to observe how Canadian speech will change in the years to come under the constant strong influence of the giant to the south

Prognostic significance of Ki-67 and p53 antigen expression in carcinomas of bile duct and gallbladder

Ki-67 and p53 protein expression was evaluated immunohistochemically in 32 patients with intrahepatic, extrahepatic bile duct and gallbladder carcinomas, who underwent surgery at First Department of Surgery, The University of Tokushima School of Medicine. p53 expression was found more in the well differentiated group than poorly differentiated group (p=0.007). MIB1 labelling index (MIB1 LI) was higher in EHC than in GBC (p=0.0061). MIB1 LI (T), (MIB1 LI in tumor) was higher in cases with lymph node metastasis than in those without lymph node metastasis (p=0.0189). Moreover, MIB1LI (L) (MIB1 LI in metastasized lymph node) was higher in poorly differentiated than in well differentiated carcinoma (p=0.0404). Prognostically, patients with high MIB1 LI (T) (>56.93) had a worse prognosis after surgery than those with low MIB1 LI (T) (p<0.05). There was no association between p53 positive tumors and MIB1 expression. These results suggest that cancer cell proliferative activity was markedly increased in cases with EHC compared to those with GBC and the poorly differentiated and lymph node metastasis group. MIB1 LI in tumor was found to be a good prognostic indicator whereas there was no association of p53 positive tumor with MIB1 expression and prognosis of the patients

A homosexual japanese man with acute hepatitis due to hepatitis B virus genotype ae, concurrent with amebic colitis

We report herein a case with acute hepatitis due to hepatitis B virus genotype Ae, concurrent with amebic colitis. A 39-year-old homosexual Japanese man was admitted to our hospital with jaundice. Laboratory tests showed an elevation of transaminase and positivity for hepatitis B surface antigen and IgM-type antibody to hepatitis B core antigen. The hepatitis B virus genotype was determined to be Ae. Furthermore, a mud-like stool with blood and mucous had sometimes been noted during the past 3 years, and amebic colitis was shown by colonofi berscopy during hospitalization. The patient was diagnosed with acute hepatitis B, concurrent with amebic colitis, and was successfully treated with lamivudine and metronidazole. In Japanese patients with acute hepatitis B virus genotype A infection, homosexual activity tends to be high. Furthermore, in Japanese homosexual men, amebiasis has been increasing. Thus, in Japanese patients with acute hepatitis B, a determination of genotype should be performed in order to investigate the route of transmission of hepatitis B virus, and a search for amebiasis should be performed in patients with acute hepatitis due to hepatitis B virus genotype A. Furthermore, education of homosexual men regarding hepatitis B virus, hepatitis B virus vaccination, and amebiasis is urgently required

An Approach to N=4{\cal N}=4 ADE Gauge Theory on K3

We propose a recipe for determination of the partition function of ${\cal N}=4$ $ADE$ gauge theory on $K3$ by generalizing our previous results of the SU(N) case. The resulting partition function satisfies Montonen-Olive duality for $ADE$ gauge group.Comment: 28 pages, Latex, enlarged published versio

Semiconductor Thermal Neutron Detector

The&nbsp; CdTe&nbsp; and&nbsp; GaN&nbsp; detector&nbsp; with&nbsp; a&nbsp; Gd&nbsp; converter&nbsp; have&nbsp; been developed&nbsp; and&nbsp; investigated&nbsp; as&nbsp; a&nbsp; neutron&nbsp; detector&nbsp; for neutron&nbsp; imaging.&nbsp; The&nbsp; fabricated&nbsp; Gd/CdTe&nbsp; detector&nbsp; with&nbsp; the&nbsp; 25&nbsp; mm&nbsp; thick&nbsp; Gd&nbsp; was&nbsp; designed&nbsp; on&nbsp; the&nbsp; basis&nbsp; of&nbsp; simulation results&nbsp; of&nbsp; thermal&nbsp; neutron&nbsp; detection&nbsp; efficiency&nbsp; and&nbsp; spatial&nbsp; resolution.&nbsp; The&nbsp; Gd/CdTe&nbsp; detector&nbsp; shows&nbsp; the&nbsp; detection&nbsp; of neutron&nbsp; capture&nbsp; gamma&nbsp; ray&nbsp; emission&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; 155Gd(n,&nbsp; g)156Gd,&nbsp; 157Gd(n,&nbsp; g)158Gd&nbsp; and&nbsp; 113Cd(n,&nbsp; g)114Cd&nbsp; reactions&nbsp; and characteristic X-ray emissions due to conversion-electrons generated inside the Gd film. The observed efficient thermal neutron detection with the Gd/CdTe detector shows its promise in neutron radiography application. Moreover, a BGaN detector has also investigated to separate neutron signal from gamma-ray clearly.&nbsp;Keywords: detector, neutron, semiconductor, therma