Hydrobilogical Studies on the Rotifera Populations of Koyama River, Tottori City

1. Hydrobiological studies have been carried out on the Rotifera populations of Koyama River, from October, 1962 to November, 1963. 2. Throughout the year, 22 species of Rotifera are recorded and among them, Keratella valga and Keratella cruciformis war eichwaldi are usually inhabited the Koyama River, either abundantly or scantly. 3. The number of species appeared in a year tends to show its maximum abundance at Station 3 (Karo-bashi) on one hand, and on the other hand, the total of individual numbers of rotifers in the most prevalent at Station 1 (Ido-bashi). Distinct differences with regard to the appearance of rotifers can be observed. In general, the number of individuals in each Rotifera population decreases towards downstream. 4. In Koyama River, Keratella crucifoemis var. eichwaldi and Notholuca acuminata as a brackish species and those of freshwater, e.g. , Diaphanosoma brachyurum, Trinchocerca longiseta, Keratella cochlearis or Pedalia mira are also found out at the same time. 5. In each season, the following species are dominant over all species. They are as follows : Polyarthra vulgaris, Trichocerca sp. and Pedalia mira in a prevernal period, P. vulgaris in a vernal period, but P. vulgaris and Keratella valga appeared abundantly in an autumnal period. Even, in a himal period, P. vulgaris and K. valga tend to show the appearance of considerable frequency. However, Keratella cruciformis var. eichwaldi is the dominant over all rotifers in an estival period, being appeared throughout the year

The Effectiveness of Liraglutide in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Compared to Sitagliptin and Pioglitazone

Background. Liraglutide leading to improve not only glycaemic control but also liver inflammation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients. Aims. The aim of this study is to elucidate the effectiveness of liraglutide in NAFLD patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) compared to sitagliptin and pioglitazone. Methods. We retrospectively enrolled 82 Japanese NAFLD patients with T2DM and divided into three groups (liraglutide: N = 26, sitagliptin; N = 36, pioglitazone; N = 20). We compared the baseline characteristics, changes of laboratory data and body weight. Results. At the end of follow-up, ALT, fast blood glucose, and HbA1c level significantly improved among the three groups. AST to platelet ratio significantly decreased in liraglutide group and pioglitazone group. The body weight significantly decreased in liraglutide group (81.8 kg to 78.0 kg, <0.01). On the other hands, the body weight significantly increased in pioglitazone group and did not change in sitagliptin group. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that administration of liraglutide as an independent factor of body weight reduction for more than 5% (OR 9.04; 95% CI 1.12–73.1, =0.04). Conclusions. Administration of liraglutide improved T2DM but also improvement of liver inflammation, alteration of liver fibrosis, and reduction of body weight