43 research outputs found
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome): Criteria for identification and management
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma (HNPCC), or Lynch syndrome,
is an autosomal dominant syndrome accounting for 5 to 10% of the total
colorectal cancer population. Patients with this syndrome develop
colorectal carcinoma at an early age, but disease onset can happen in
all age groups. Usually the carcinomas are synchronous or metachronous,
and most of them arise proximal to the splenic flexure. The prognosis is
better than for the sporadic form of cancer, and there is increased risk
for cancer development in certain extracolonic sites, such as the
endometrium, ovary, stomach, small bowel, hepatobiliary tract, ureter,
and renal pelvis. Most patients with HNPCC have a mutation in one of two
DNA mismatch repair genes, hMSH2 or hMLH1. More than 90% of colorectal
carcinoma patients with hMSH2 or hMLH1 demonstrate high-frequency
microsatellite instability (MSI-H). If a patient is suspected to belong
to an HNPCC family, the first screening test should be
immunohistochemistry for the detection of hMLH1 and hMSH2 proteins, and
if it is indicative, it should be followed by genomic sequencing for the
identification of mutations in the mismatch repair genes. Genetic
counseling and surveillance for high risk HNPCC family members should
begin at age 25. Surveillance includes annual colonoscopy of the entire
large bowel, with fecal occult blood testing performed twice a year.
Systematic surveillance and individually designed treatment of affected
patients may help to detect cancers at an earlier stage and subsequently
improve the prognosis of the disease further
Surgical treatment for lung hydatid disease
Lung is the second most common site for hydatid disease after the liver,
The aim of this study is to present the clinical symptomatology,
diagnostic evaluation, and surgical techniques for the treatment of lung
hydatid disease, During the last 25 years, 42 patients with lung hydatid
cysts were treated surgically in our department. In four patients there
were cysts in the liver and in one case in the spleen. The cysts were
located in the right lung in 16 patients (38%), in the left lung in 23
patients (54.8%), and in both lungs in 3 patients (7.14%). Eighteen
patients (42.9%) presented with complications: suppuration in one
patient (2.4%), rupture to the branchial tree in 16 patients (38%),
and pneumothorax in one patient (2.4%). Diagnosis was established
preoperatively in all cases; chest radiography and computed tomography
were most helpful for diagnosis. Forty-six operations were performed in
42 patients; three patients with bilateral cysts underwent staged
thoracotomies, and one patient was reoperated for recurrent disease. All
eases were managed surgically, with several types of radical (34 cases)
or conservative (12 cases) procedures. Radical procedures were lobectomy
and rarely pneumonectomy, which were used more often during the first
half of the study period. Cystectomy with capitonnage, the mast commonly
performed conservative procedure, was mainly used during the second half
of the study period. Postoperative morbidity was 15.2% and the 30-day
mortality rate was 0%. In one case there was postoperative hemorrhage
that required reexploration. The median hospital stay for uncomplicated
cases was 12 days and for complicated cases 21 days. In conclusion,
pulmonary hydatidosis often presents with complications requiring
emergency surgery, A lung-conserving operation is the treatment of
choice for lung hydatid disease and offers a good surgical outcome with
a minimal recurrence rate
Expression of PDGF-A, TGFb and VCAM-1 during the developmental stages of experimental atherosclerosis
Purpose:A considerable number of growth factors, cytokines, and adhesion
molecules are implicated in the development of atherosclerotic lesions.
These molecules interact in a complex network influencing the evolution
of several processes, such as lipid metabolism, cellular proliferation
and tissue repair. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression
of the growth factors PDGF-A, and TGFb, and the adhesion molecule VCAM-1
in the sequential steps of experimental atherogenesis. Methods:
Forty-two New Zealand white male rabbits were divided into 4 groups. The
group A rabbits (n = 8) received normal diet and served as control
animals. The remaining groups were fed with a diet enriched with 1%
cholesterol and 6% corn oil. The rabbits of group B (n = 9) were
sacrificed 1 month after the beginning of the study, of group C (n = 15)
after 2 months and of group D (n = 10) after 3 months. In tissue
sections of the aortic arch the antibodies of the prementioned factors
were detected immunohistochemically. Results: In group A only TGFb and
PDGF-A were detectable. In lesions of the first month PDGF-A expression
was high but declined towards the third month. VCAM-1 expression was
getting more intense up to the second month and subsided thereafter.
TGFb expression intensified towards the third month. Changes in the
expression of these factors were statistically significant. Conclusion:
PDGF-A, responsible for the uncontrollable growth of smooth muscle
cells, and VCAM-1, regulating monocyte recruitment in the intima, acts
mainly during the early stages of atherogenesis. TGFb, one of the main
factors controlling the formation of connective tissue matrix, has a
gradually increasing expression towards the third month contributing
probably to the fibrous plaque formation. Copyright (C) 2001 S. Karger
AG, Basel