36 research outputs found

    Fire spalling sensitivity of concrete made with recycled concrete aggregates (RCA)

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    The fire spalling of concrete is a complex phenomenon, which can affect the integrity of the structures during a fire. This thermal instability is associated with a complex coupled chemo-thermo-hydro-mechanical mechanism and it can be influenced by many factors, related to material (e.g. per- meability, porosity and water content), geometry (e.g. shape and size) and environmental parameters (e.g. mechanical load and heating rate). Concrete made with recycled concrete aggregates presents higher porosity, higher water content and different interfaces between aggregates and mortar. All these aspects can lead to a different behaviour under fire exposure, including the spalling risk of these sustainable concretes. The main objective of this paper is to analyse the influence of the use of recycled concrete aggregates on the spalling risk of concrete. In this paper, concrete prisms with different replacement rates of recycled coarse aggregates (0 up to 100%) were exposed to a standard fire curve (ISO 834-1) with a constant uniaxial compression load. After heating, samples surfaces were evaluated by means of digital photogrammetry. Results showed that concrete with RCA is sensitive to explosive spalling. All replacement rates presented higher degree of spalling than concrete made with natural aggregates

    Simulation of an experimental fire in an underground limestone quarry for the study of Paleolithic fires

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    International audienceNumerous fire marks occur on the walls of the Chauvet-Pont d’Arc cave. Dating indicated that some of the fires were contemporary to the Aurignacian. Violent thermal shocks were observed in surprisingly narrow areas of the cave. This raises numerous archaeological questions about the function of the fires; the answers depend on the location of the hearths, and the intensity of the fires. Numerical simulation was used here to provide information about the behaviour of fires in such confined spaces. An underground non-archaeological site, in a limestone quarry, was equipped to monitor fires in an environment similar to that of the Megaceros gallery of the Chauvet-Pont d’Arc cave. The fire and the movement of heat and smoke in the quarry were simulated by the open source code “Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS)”. Results were validated on wall temperatures recorded behind and above the fire. The thermo-mechanical impact of the fire on the rock was simulated with CAST3M software, providing the most probable zones for limestone spalling due to thermal gradients. The validated approach will, in a forthcoming study, be applied to the Chauvet-Pont d’Arc cave, in which coupled simulations in the air and in the rock should indicate the location of the hearths and the intensity of the fires that generated the marks

    Notre-Dame de Paris as a validation case to improve fire safety modelling in historic buildings

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    The analysis of the thermal damages in Notre-Dame de Paris is necessary to estimate the impact of the dramatic 2019 fire on the remaining structure prior to reconstruction. In doing so, the large amount of data being generated creates a benchmark environment to test the relevance of numerical fire models in the unconventional configuration of a medieval roof. While being an uncontrolled and complex configuration, it can provide insights regarding the relevance of numerical tools for fire risk assessment in historic buildings. Analysing the thermal degradation of the Lutetian limestone in a vault of the choir, experimental techniques are developed to track the in-depth maximum temperature profile reached during the fire. Numerical simulations of the fire development in the roof space then aim at replicating the observations through the evaluation of the heat flux impinging the vaults during the fire. These simulations are carried out using Fire Dynamic Simulator, which requires a large range of assumptions prior to any simulation regarding materials, geometry, meshing and scale. These assumptions are described and pave the way to a future sensitivity analysis to confront the upcoming outcomes of the simulations with the experimental observations

    Étude du comportement thermomĂ©canique de matĂ©riaux composites cellulosiques : application Ă  la rĂ©sistance au feu d'un bloc-porte en bois.

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    La sĂ©curitĂ© incendie demeure une prĂ©occupation majeure dans le domaine de la sĂ©curitĂ© civile. Elle repose sur la combinaison de protections actives et passives, notamment des Ă©lĂ©ments empĂȘchant ou ralentissant la propagation des fumĂ©es ou des flammes. Les professionnels de la construction dĂ©veloppent de nouveaux produits devant satisfaire Ă  une procĂ©dure d’agrĂ©ments techniques dont notamment des essais de rĂ©sistance au feu dans des fours d’essai. La validation de produits conformes est lourde et peut constituer un frein Ă  l’innovation : les essais de rĂ©sistance au feu sont coĂ»teux et difficilement multipliĂ©s. Ces raisons justifient de dĂ©velopper de moyens de simulation permettant de constituer un « four virtuel » pour modĂ©liser un essai de rĂ©sistance au feu et retranscrire le comportement d’un produit de la construction. Disposer de l’ensemble « four virtuel » doit permettre d’analyser et d’évaluer un nombre Ă©levĂ© de variantes techniques. Lors de la conception des produits, l’industriel pourra ainsi, en collaboration avec le laboratoire de sĂ©curitĂ© incendie, orienter le dimensionnement vers des solutions efficientes. Une thĂšse en collaboration avec Efectis France, laboratoire agrĂ©Ă© en rĂ©sistance au feu, et l’Institut de MĂ©canique et d’IngĂ©nierie de l’UniversitĂ© de Bordeaux (I2M) s’inscrit dans cette dĂ©marche de mise en place d'un four virtuel. Le principal objectif est l’élaboration d’un outil intĂ©grĂ© pour la modĂ©lisation de la rĂ©sistance au feu de blocs-portes en bois. Nous prĂ©sentons ici les premiers rĂ©sultats de simulation thermomĂ©canique d’un bloc-porte en bois soumis Ă  la courbe de feu normalisĂ©e ISO 834-1. Le modĂšle thermique dĂ©veloppĂ© s’appuie sur une simulation innovante des diffĂ©rents phĂ©nomĂšnes de dĂ©gradation thermique du bois Ă  hautes tempĂ©ratures (Ă©vaporation, pyrolyse et combustion). Les simulations sont rĂ©alisĂ©es sur le code de calcul par Ă©lĂ©ments finis CAST3M, auquel nous ajoutons des procĂ©dures spĂ©cifiques qui permettent de prendre en compte l’évolution des propriĂ©tĂ©s du matĂ©riau avec la tempĂ©rature et la gestion des jeux de fonctionnement. Les rĂ©sultats sont exprimĂ©s en termes de tempĂ©ratures dans le matĂ©riau et en termes de dĂ©placements. Les rĂ©sultats des simulations seront analysĂ©s et critiquĂ©s vis-Ă -vis de la base de donnĂ©es expĂ©rimentale du laboratoire incendie d’Efectis

    Approches expĂ©rimentales et numĂ©riques pour l’étude de l’impact thermomĂ©canique du feu sur quelques matĂ©riaux et structures

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    This manuscript, presented in order to obtain my “Habilitation to Supervise Research” (HDR) at the University of Bordeaux, is a synthesis of my professional activities carried out since I took up my position at the University of Bordeaux in 2011. The pedagogical activities are first described, then a synthesis of the student supervision and research projects in which I participated is made. A large part of the document is then dedicated to the presentation of the research work done. The main theme is the fire behavior of some materials and structures in civil engineering. A scientific and regulatory contextualization work is first presented, allowing to justify the contributions of the research works. The work is then presented according to three major families of materials: concrete, wood and stone. For each of them, we present the experimental and numerical approaches implemented.Ce manuscrit, prĂ©sentĂ© dans le but d’obtenir mon Habilitation Ă  Diriger les Recherches de l’UniversitĂ© de Bordeaux, est une synthĂšse de mes activitĂ©s professionnelles rĂ©alisĂ©es depuis ma prise de fonction au sein de l’UniversitĂ© de Bordeaux en 2011. Les activitĂ©s pĂ©dagogiques y sont tout d’abord dĂ©crites, puis une synthĂšse des encadrements d’étudiants et des projets de recherche auxquels j’ai participĂ© est rĂ©alisĂ©e. Une grande partie du document est ensuite dĂ©diĂ© Ă  la prĂ©sentation des travaux de recherche effectuĂ©s. Le thĂšme principal est le comportement au feu de quelques matĂ©riaux et structures du gĂ©nie civil. Un travail de contextualisation scientifique et rĂšglementaire est tout d’abord prĂ©sentĂ©, permettant de justifier les apports des travaux de recherche. Les travaux sont ensuite prĂ©sentĂ©s selon trois grandes familles de matĂ©riaux : bĂ©tons, bois et pierres. Pour chacune d’entre elles, nous prĂ©sentons les approches expĂ©rimentales et numĂ©riques mises en Ɠuvre

    Approches expĂ©rimentales et numĂ©riques pour l’étude de l’impact thermomĂ©canique du feu sur quelques matĂ©riaux et structures

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    This manuscript, presented in order to obtain my “Habilitation to Supervise Research” (HDR) at the University of Bordeaux, is a synthesis of my professional activities carried out since I took up my position at the University of Bordeaux in 2011. The pedagogical activities are first described, then a synthesis of the student supervision and research projects in which I participated is made. A large part of the document is then dedicated to the presentation of the research work done. The main theme is the fire behavior of some materials and structures in civil engineering. A scientific and regulatory contextualization work is first presented, allowing to justify the contributions of the research works. The work is then presented according to three major families of materials: concrete, wood and stone. For each of them, we present the experimental and numerical approaches implemented.Ce manuscrit, prĂ©sentĂ© dans le but d’obtenir mon Habilitation Ă  Diriger les Recherches de l’UniversitĂ© de Bordeaux, est une synthĂšse de mes activitĂ©s professionnelles rĂ©alisĂ©es depuis ma prise de fonction au sein de l’UniversitĂ© de Bordeaux en 2011. Les activitĂ©s pĂ©dagogiques y sont tout d’abord dĂ©crites, puis une synthĂšse des encadrements d’étudiants et des projets de recherche auxquels j’ai participĂ© est rĂ©alisĂ©e. Une grande partie du document est ensuite dĂ©diĂ© Ă  la prĂ©sentation des travaux de recherche effectuĂ©s. Le thĂšme principal est le comportement au feu de quelques matĂ©riaux et structures du gĂ©nie civil. Un travail de contextualisation scientifique et rĂšglementaire est tout d’abord prĂ©sentĂ©, permettant de justifier les apports des travaux de recherche. Les travaux sont ensuite prĂ©sentĂ©s selon trois grandes familles de matĂ©riaux : bĂ©tons, bois et pierres. Pour chacune d’entre elles, nous prĂ©sentons les approches expĂ©rimentales et numĂ©riques mises en Ɠuvre

    Contribution expérimentale à la compréhension des risques d'instabilité thermique des bétons

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    The spalling of concrete is a particular phenomenon which could seriously jeopardize the stability of a structure during and after a fire. Moreover, the reparation costs of the damages induced by spalling can be very important. Recently, some studies (mainly theoretical), have tried to find the most probable causes of concrete spalling. In particular, these studies tried to establish the relative importance of mechanisms such as thermo-mechanical or thermo-hydral processes for the appearance of spalling. However, we still do not exactly know the conditions of spalling and this phenomenon is still not predictable by calculations. Moreover, the existing technological solutions against spalling risk (polypropylene fibres or thermal protection) are still not well controlled.The experimental results that we present take place in a global study of the spalling risk of concrete. An ordinary concrete (compressive strength 40 MPa) and a high performance concrete (compressive strength 60 MPa) have been tested under different levels of observation. At the material scale, the evolution with temperature of several properties has been assessed: gas permeability, water porosity, thermal properties and mechanical properties. These tests have been completed by the measurement of gas pressure into small concrete samples during low heating. At last, fire tests (ISO curve and Modified Hydrocarbon Curve) have been carried out on concrete slabs in order to observe the spalling of concrete.The confrontation of the different experimental results allows us to discuss about the contribution of different parameters on spalling risk. At last, we suggest some new ways of investigation.L'instabilitĂ© thermique des bĂ©tons est un phĂ©nomĂšne particulier pouvant ĂȘtre prĂ©judiciable pour la stabilitĂ© d'une structure pendant et aprĂšs un incendie. Les frais d'immobilisation et de rĂ©paration des structures endommagĂ©es par instabilitĂ© thermique du bĂ©ton sont gĂ©nĂ©ralement trĂšs Ă©levĂ©s.Ces derniĂšres annĂ©es, des Ă©tudes majoritairement thĂ©oriques ont tentĂ© d'examiner les causes possibles Ă  l'instabilitĂ© thermique des bĂ©tons. En particulier, de nombreuses discussions autour de l'importance relative des mĂ©canismes thermomĂ©caniques et thermo-hydriques ont Ă©tĂ© menĂ©es. Cependant, nous ne connaissons toujours pas aujourd'hui les conditions exactes d'apparition de l'instabilitĂ© thermique et les solutions technologiques qui existent (fibres de polypropylĂšne, protection thermique rapportĂ©e) ne sont pas bien maĂźtrisĂ©es.Les rĂ©sultats que nous prĂ©sentons s'inscrivent dans une Ă©tude globale des risques d'instabilitĂ© thermique des bĂ©tons. Plusieurs Ă©chelles d'observation du comportement Ă  haute tempĂ©rature d'un bĂ©ton ordinaire (rĂ©sistance Ă  la compression de 40 MPa) et d'un bĂ©ton Ă  hautes performances (rĂ©sistance Ă  la compression de 60 MPa) ont Ă©tĂ© adoptĂ©es. A l'Ă©chelle du matĂ©riau, la dĂ©termination de l'Ă©volution avec la tempĂ©rature de donnĂ©es telles que la permĂ©abilitĂ©, la porositĂ©, les propriĂ©tĂ©s thermiques et les propriĂ©tĂ©s mĂ©caniques nous permettent de mieux comprendre le comportement du bĂ©ton Ă  haute tempĂ©rature. Ces essais sont complĂ©tĂ©s par des mesures de pression et de tempĂ©rature sur des Ă©prouvettes Ă  taille rĂ©duite. Enfin, des essais au feu sur dallettes (feu ISO et feu HCM) ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s afin de caractĂ©riser l'instabilitĂ© thermique des bĂ©tons.La confrontation des rĂ©sultats des essais Ă  diffĂ©rentes Ă©chelles nous permet de discuter des paramĂštres qui semblent ĂȘtre les plus propices Ă  l'instabilitĂ© thermique et proposons de nouvelles pistes d'investigation
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