Sesquiterpene lactones from the Yugoslavian wild growing plant families Asteraceae and Apiaceae

1. Introduction 2. Results 3. Asteraceae 3.1. Genus Artemisia L. 3.1.1. Artemisia annua L. 3.1.2. Artemisia vulgaris L. 3.1.3. Artemisia absinthium L. (warmwood) 3.1.4. Artemisia scoparia W. et K. 3.1.5. Artemisia camprestris L. 3.2. Genus Ambrosia L. 3.2.1. Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (the common rag weed) 3.3. Genus Tanacetum L. (syn. Chrysanthemum L.) 3.3.1. Tanacetum parthenium L. (feverfew) 3.3.2. Tanacetum serotinum L. 3.3.3. Tanacetum vulgare L. (tansy) 3.3.4. Tanacetum macrophyllum Willd. 3.3.5. Tanacetum corymbosum L. 3.4. Genus Telekia Baumg. 3.4.1. Telekia speciosa (Schreb.) Baumg. 3.5. Genus Inula L. 3.5.1. Inula helenium L. 3.5.2. Inula spiraeifolia L. 3.6. Genus Eupatorium L. 3.6.1. Eupatorium cannabinum L. 3.7. Genus Achillea L. 3.7.1. Achillea abrotanoides Vis. 3.7.2. Achillea millefolium subsp. pannonica 3.7.3. Achillea crithmifolia W. et K. 3.7.4. Achillea clypeolata Sibth. et Sm. 3.7.5. Achillea serbica Nyman 3.7.6. Achillea depressa Janka 3.8. Genus Anthemis L. 3.8.1. Anthemis carpatica Willd. 3.8.2. Anthemis cretica L. subsp. cretica 3.9. Genus Centaurea L. 3.9.1. Centaurea derventana Vis. et Panc. 3.9.2. Centaurea kosaninii Hayek 3.9.3. Centaurea solstitialis L. 4. Apiaceae 4.1. Genus Laserpitium L. 4.1.1. Laserpitium siler L. 4.1.2. Laserpitium marginatum L. 4.1.3. Laserpitium latifolium L. 4.1.4. Laserpitium alpinum W. K. 4.2. Genus Angelica L. 4.2.1. Angelica silvestris L. 4.3. Genus Peucedanum L. 4.3.1. Peucedanum austriacum (Jacq.) Koc

Synthesis of tetraalkyl thiuram disulfides using different oxidants in recycling solvent mixture

A new optimized laboratory synthesis of tetraalkylthiuram disulfides, starting from dialkyl amines and carbon disulfide in presence of three oxidants (hydrogen peroxide, potassium peroxodisulfate and sodium hypochlorite) and appropriate reaction media (two mixtures of isopropyl alcohol-water used in two consecutive syntheses) was presented in this work. The first synthesis was performed in a recycled azeotropic mixture of isopropyl alcohol-water 87.7%-12.3%, and second in a filtrate obtained after first synthesis, which was a mixture of isopropyl alcohol-water 70.4%-29.6%. After the second synthesis and filtration, recycled azeotropic mixture isopropyl alcohol-water 87.7%-12.3% was regenerated from the filtrate by rectification. Considering this, the technology for beneficial use of recycling isopropyl alcohol-water mixture as a reaction medium for tetraalkylthiuram disulfides synthesis was developed. This concept could contribute to extraordinary economical benefit of implemented optimal laboratory synthesis at semi-industrial level. High yields of tetraalkylthiuram disulfides were obtained at both laboratory and semi-industrial level. Structure and purity of synthesized compounds were confirmed by elemental analysis, as well as FTIR, 1H- and 13C-NMR, and MS spectral data.U ovom radu je prikazan nov optimizovani laboratorijski postupak sinteza tetraalkiltiuramdisulfida, polazeći od dialkilamina i ugljendisulfida u prisustvu oksidacionih sredstava (vodonik-peroksid, kalijum-peroksodisulfat i natrijum-hipohlorit), u odgovarajućem reakcionom medijumu: dve smeše izopropil alkohol-voda korišćene u dve uzastopne sinteze. Prva sinteza se izvodi u reciklovanoj azeotropskoj smeši izopropil-alkohola-voda sastava 87,7%-12,3%. Izvršena je optimizacija postupka u odnosu na molarni odnos reaktanata i koncetraciju proizvoda u suspenziji. Filtrat, dobijen nakon filtriranja suspenzije tetraalkiltiuram-disulfida iz prve sinteze, koji sadrži smešu izopropil alkohol-voda 70,4%-29,6%, uspešno je korišćen za naredne sinteze tetraalkiltiuram-disulfida. Nakon druge sinteze, filtracijom suspenzije, dobija se filtrat kao smeša izopropil-alkohol-voda 57,0%-43,0%, koji se regeneriše rektifikacijom pri čemu se dobija azeotropska smeša sastava izopropil alkohol-voda 87,7%-12,3%. Primenom navedenog postupka osvojena je tehnologija koja uključuje proces reciklovanja smeše reakcionog medijuma izopropil alkohol-voda za sintezu tetraalkiltiuram-disulfida. Takav koncept doprinosi izvanrednoj ekonomičnosti implementiranog optimalnog laboratorijkog postupka sinteze na poluindustrijski nivo. Visoki prinosi tetraalkiltiuram-disulfida su dobijeni sintezama na laboratorijskom nivou, kao i primenom na poluindustrijskom nivou proizvodnje. Struktura i čistoća sintetisanih jedinjenja: tetrametiltiuram-disulfid (TMTD), tetraetiltiuram-disulfid (TETD), tetrapropiltiuram-disulfid (TPTD), tetraizopropiltiuram-disulfid (TiPTD), tetrabutiltiuramdisulfid (TBTD), tetraizobutiltiuram-disulfid (TiBTD), su potvrđene FTIR, 1H- i 13C-NMR spektroskopijom, MS spektrometrijom i elementalnom analizom. PR Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 172013

Kinetic study of the reaction between sodium chloroacetate and potassium ethylxanthogenate

The reaction kinetics of the synthesis of sodium ethyl xanthogeneacetate from potassium ethylxanthogenate and sodium chloroacetate in distilled water as the reaction medium at 25, 30, 35 and 40 °C, were investigated. The obtained reaction mixture was a complex system which demanded the use of two methods for the kinetic measurements. The reaction was followed using the conductrometric and UV/Vis spectrophotometric method with equimolar initial concentrations of the reactants and under pseudo-first order conditions with respect to one of the reactants. The rate constants of the pseudo-first order and second order reactions were calculated from the data. On the basis of the reaction constants, the activation parameters were calculated and are discussed

A new ecologically friendly process for the synthesis of selective flotation reagents

A new ecologically friendly synthesis of N-alkyl-O-ethylthioncarbamates from ethyl dixanthogenates, waste material from the xanthate production plant, and monoalkylamines has been performed in this work. Structure determination of the synthesized compounds and also corresponding intermediates has been performed by IR, 1H-NMR and MS spectrometric methods. Residual dixanthogenates and thioncarbamates in waste water have been done by the gas chromatographic method and corresponding standard curve. It was confirmed that the reaction product was not present in water, while the concentration of dixanthogenates has been determined to be under the maximum contamination limit

New Facile One-Pot Synthesis of Isobutyl Thiocarbamate in Recycling Solvent Mixture

The specific objectives of the presented study were related to the optimization of the production process of N-alkyl-, N,N-dialkyl-, and N-cycloalkyl-O-isobutyl thiocarbamate; trial industrial production of N-ethyl-O-isobutyl thiocarbamate; and the evaluation of flotation efficiency of N-ethyl-O-isobutyl thiocarbamate using a real ore sample. The optimization of thiocarbamate syntheses were performed by varying the molar ratio of isobutyl alcohol, carbon disulfide, potassium hydroxide, reaction time, and reaction temperature. In the first step, one-pot reaction took place to produce alkyl xanthate and was followed with chlorination to give alkyl chloroformate (O-alkyl carbonochloridothioate); finally, thiocarbamates were obtained by the reaction with corresponding amines. N-alkyl-O-ethyl thiocarbamate was synthesized as a comparative flotation agent. The structure of the synthesized compounds was confirmed by IR, H-1 and C-13 NMR, and MS instrumental methods, and the purity was determined by gas chromatographic method and elemental analysis. The optimized methods gave high-purity products in a significant yield that was also confirmed by semi-industrial production of N-ethyl-O-isobutyl thiocarbamate. The optimized thiocarbamate synthesis, without isolation of intermediates, is of great importance from the aspect of green technologies. Flotation efficiency test results, using real copper and zinc ores, showed the highest activity of N-ethyl-O-isobutyl thiocarbamate. The optimal one-pot thiocarbamate synthesis provides a simple procedure with a high conversion degree, and, thus, offers valuable technology applicable at the industrial scale

Efficient two-frequency ultrasound extraction of β-carotene from the fungus Blakeslea trispora

Carotenoids are known for their lower environmental pollution, lower costs, shorter extraction time compared to regular extraction methods and higher extraction efficiency. Ultrasound has significant advantages in the extraction of a great number of biologically active compounds including carotenoids. Benefits of using ultrasound for extraction of various compounds are numerous and include effective mixing and micro-mixing, more efficient energy transfer, reduced thermal and concentration gradients, reduced temperature. The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of two-frequency ultrasound main parameters such as ultrasonic intensity, sonication time, and temperature. Application of two-frequency ultrasound (simultaneous influence of ultrasound with frequency of 20-46 kHz, intensity of 1.5-2.5 W/cm(2) and frequency of 1.0-2.0 MHz, intensity of 2.0- 3.0 W/cm(2)) raises the percentage of beta-carotene extraction from biomass of the fungus Blakeslea trispora from 90-92% up to 98-99% in comparison with one frequency ultrasound. The recommended oil temperature for the extraction process is 35 degrees C, because lower temperature leads to reduction of percentage of beta-carotene extraction, and higher temperature promotes unjustified increase of expenditure of energy

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder after Vaginal Delivery at Primiparous Women

Although severe gynaecological pathology during delivery and negative outcome have been shown to be related with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) little is known about traumatic experiences following regular delivery, at the expected time and with a healthy child. The objective of our study was to determine the prevalence of PTSD during postpartum period after vaginal delivery and its risk factors. The sample included 126 primiparous women. Monthly, for the next three months, the women were assessed for PTSD using the gold standard interview for PTSD, Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS). Risk factors were assessed including sociodemographic variables, personal medical history and clinical variables. After the first month, 2.4% women had acute full PTSD and another 9.5% had clinically significant level of PTSD symptoms. Following the second and the third month, partial PTSD was found in 5.9% and 1.3% of the women, respectively, and none of participants had full PTSD. Obstetrical interventions were the only significant risk factor for the development of PTSD. Symptoms of postpartum PTSD are not rare after a traumatic delivery, and associated with specific obstetrical risk factors. Awareness of these risk factors may stimulate interventions to prevent this important and neglected postpartum disorde