How gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth develop positive identities during adolescence and young adulthood

This qualitative study was designed to examine the ways in which gay, lesbian, and bisexual adolescents form positive identities, specifically in strength-based ways looking at factors of resilience. Twelve individuals, aged 22-28, were interviewed to give retrospective information about their adolescent development. By utilizing a semi-structured interview model for this study, the researcher was able to analyze the subjective findings utilizing thematic analysis. Significant findings include the influential nature of one\u27s first disclosure of sexual orientation in the development of one\u27s identity, and the positive impact that role models have for gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth during adolescence

Food Fish, Commercial Fish, and Fish to Support a Moderate Livelihood: Characterizing Aboriginal and Treaty Rights to Canadian Fisheries

The Aboriginal peoples of Canada stand in a different legal relationship to the fisheries than non-Aboriginal Canadians. They do so by virtue of a long history with the fisheries that precedes non-Aboriginal settlement in North America, and because of the constitutional entrenchment of Aboriginal and treaty rights in Canadian law. This article describes the characterizations of Aboriginal and treaty rights to fish in Canadian law and discusses what it means for rights characterized in terms of food fishing, commercial fishing, and fishing to support a moderate livelihood, to receive constitutional protection. The article then problematizes these characterizations and suggests that the simplest and broadest characterization, that is, of a right to fish without restriction as to purpose or use of fish, best coincides with the goals of effective management and fair distribution

Measurement of the absolute wavefront curvature radius in a heterodyne interferometer

We present an analytical derivation of the coupling parameter relating the angle between two interfering beams in a heterodyne interferometer to the differential phase-signals detected by a quadrant photo-diode. This technique, also referred to as Differential Wavefront Sensing (DWS), is commonly used in space-based gravitational wave detectors to determine the attitude of a test-mass in one of the interferometer arms from the quadrant diode signals. Successive approximations to the analytical expression are made to simplify the investigation of parameter dependencies. Motivated by our findings, we propose a new measurement method to accurately determine the absolute wave-front curvature of a single measurement beam. We also investigate the change in coupling parameter when the interferometer "test-mirror" is moved from its nominal position, an effect which mediates the coupling of mirror displacement noise into differential phase-measurements.Comment: double-spaced, 21 pages, 5 figure

Fiber-diffraction Interferometer using Coherent Fiber Optic Taper

We present a fiber-diffraction interferometer using a coherent fiber optic taper for optical testing in an uncontrolled environment. We use a coherent fiber optic taper and a single-mode fiber having thermally-expanded core. Part of the measurement wave coming from a test target is condensed through a fiber optic taper and spatially filtered from a single-mode fiber to be reference wave. Vibration of the cavity between the target and the interferometer probe is common to both reference and measurement waves, thus the interference fringe is stabilized in an optical way. Generation of the reference wave is stable even with the target movement. Focus shift of the input measurement wave is desensitized by a coherent fiber optic taper

Recruiting and Retaining Women Faculty in Science and Engineering

The purpose of this project was to assess the perceived efficacy of university-based activities designed to improve the recruitment and retention of women in academic science and engineering (S&E). Numerous approaches to recruitment and retention have been described and implemented but little change occurs. An evaluation of suggested activities by 35 S&E women faculty was conducted using quantitative and qualitative methods. Eight of 25 activities were strongly recommended by participants as effective strategies related to recruitment and retention. Mentoring, as frequently operationalized, was not found to be effective. Several recommendations are offered to improve the system of mentoring

Arctic Fisheries: Potential Management Issues and Opportunities

Although considerable research is required on the impact of global climate change on fisheries the general expectation is that climate warming in the Arctic will improve conditions for many fish stocks. Climate warming is taking place faster in the Arctic than elsewhere on the planet. The reduction in sea ice should enhance production and recruitment. Habitat areas could expand and species composition change. The diminishing ice cover and new habitat areas will attract those wishing to exploit the increasingly available fish stocks. However, the current international management and policy framework for Arctic fisheries management is not regarded as adequate for the large challenges looming. Revised and new agreements are necessary. Fisheries management in the Arctic is complicated by changing environmental conditions as the impacts of climate warming continue to be felt, the evolving territorial claims of Arctic states, the attractiveness of the Arctic as a source of oil and gas and a transportation route, and the lack of infrastructure. The Arctic could play a pioneering role in fisheries management by establishing a management organization that avoids rent dissipation through excessive fishing effort, has the ability to adapt to a changing natural environment, protects the rights of indigenous peoples, and anticipates changes rather than reacting to them. This paper will review the likely impacts of climate changing on Arctic fisheries, the current status of management agreements in the Arctic, the difficulties in formulating new management agreements, and principles on which new management agreements could be based

Expansion and Consolidation in The British Columbia Salmon Processing Industry

The industrial structure of British Columbia salmon processing is dominated by cycles of expansion and consolidation. This paper examines one of these cycles, the reasons for it, and its implications. The cycle starts with a consolidation of processors. The resulting increased industry profits encourages new firms to enter the industry and existing firms to grow. Processing capacity expands and, with more firms competing for a supply of raw fish, fishing capacity and pressure on the resource increase. Eventually excess capacity is created, losses suffered, and mergers again proposed. From 1902 to 1928 the industry went through such a cycle. In 1902 over half the processing plants were brought into one company. The next twenty-five years saw a gradual erosion of the dominance of the leading firm as new firms entered the industry and other expanded. The normal oligopolistic barriers to entry were not viable restrictions on entry into salmon processing. All canners produced an undifferentiated product primarily sold on world markets through brokers. Technological changes, while raising the initial cost of entering canning, also helped ease problems with labour shortages. Rapid adoption of many innovations was not necessary, the pace of adoption varied. Additionally, the variations in salmon runs encouraged overcapacity and the perishability of raw fish limited the concentration of processing . The absence of alternative uses for the processing plants and other inputs was a barrier to exit. Eventually over expansion resulted, losses occurred, and another series of mergers took place.Keywords: salmon, Fisheries Economics, fish processing, British Columbia, industrial structure, Fish Processing, Marketing, And Consumptio

The Evolution of Management Institutions for the British Columbia Salmon Fishery, 1900 to 1930

The evolution of management institutions for the British Columbia salmon fishery is examined, focussing on the period from 1900 to 1930. Various property rights allocations, including exclusive fishing rights, limited fishing licences, and limited processing licences were tried and abandoned, usually because of social and political pressures and lack of full appreciation of the common property character of the fishery. Opportunities for appropriating rent were surrendered. By 1930 management evolved to open access with various restrictions on effort. Jurisdictional disputes hindered and complicated management. After a flawed assignment of jurisdiction at the creation of Canada both the Canadian and British Columbia governments claimed fisheries management authority. Jurisdiction over fisheries had been assigned to the federal government. But, with jurisdiction over property assigned to the provincial governments and legally established property rights in fisheries, the stage was set for a series of conflicts and court cases before management responsibilities were clarified. Internationally, Canadians and Americans both claimed the right to exploit certain salmon stocks. By 1930 the essential elements of a treaty were negotiated, but not finally ratified by both countries until 1937.Keywords: Salmon, Canada, British Columbia, Jurisdictio

Governance and Management of Arctic Fisheries

Warming of the Arctic has taken place with a loss of sea ice and changes in the Arctic ecosystem. Valuable commercial species may move northward and large-scale commercial fishing may be proposed. This paper considers the potential for commercial fisheries in the Arctic, much of which is international waters, and discuss the institutional arrangements needed - their authority, objectives, responsibilities, and structures. Current international institutions and agreements, including the Arctic Council, in which Arctic nations promote cooperation, coordination, and interaction among the Arctic States and other multilateral and regional agreements, are assessed for their adaptability, effectiveness, and efficiency. Can current arrangements be adapted for Arctic fisheries or are new agreements needed? An agreement between all potential participants and all those affected is imperative before any large-scale commercial fishing occurs. The Arctic could set an example with fisheries management and governance that avoids rent dissipation, adapts to a changing natural environment, protects the rights of indigenous peoples, and anticipates rather than reacts to changes. Any institutional arrangement in the Arctic needs to address a number of challenges, including the limited knowledge of the ecosystem, the speed and consequences of climate change, other potential uses of the Arctic (including shipping and fossil fuel extraction), territorial claims and disputes, and the wishes and actions of non-Arctic nations. The impacts due to a warmer climate and potential marine commercial fisheries on the fisheries carried on by indigenous populations and fisheries in the lakes and rivers of the Arctic are also discussed.Keywords: Climate Variability and Variation, Fisheries Management, Fisheries Economic