The PREDICTS database: a global database of how local terrestrial biodiversity responds to human impacts

Biodiversity continues to decline in the face of increasing anthropogenic pressures such as habitat destruction, exploitation, pollution and introduction of alien species. Existing global databases of species’ threat status or population time series are dominated by charismatic species. The collation of datasets with broad taxonomic and biogeographic extents, and that support computation of a range of biodiversity indicators, is necessary to enable better understanding of historical declines and to project – and avert – future declines. We describe and assess a new database of more than 1.6 million samples from 78 countries representing over 28,000 species, collated from existing spatial comparisons of local-scale biodiversity exposed to different intensities and types of anthropogenic pressures, from terrestrial sites around the world. The database contains measurements taken in 208 (of 814) ecoregions, 13 (of 14) biomes, 25 (of 35) biodiversity hotspots and 16 (of 17) megadiverse countries. The database contains more than 1% of the total number of all species described, and more than 1% of the described species within many taxonomic groups – including flowering plants, gymnosperms, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, beetles, lepidopterans and hymenopterans. The dataset, which is still being added to, is therefore already considerably larger and more representative than those used by previous quantitative models of biodiversity trends and responses. The database is being assembled as part of the PREDICTS project (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems – www.predicts.org.uk). We make site-level summary data available alongside this article. The full database will be publicly available in 2015

Embebição e germinação de sementes de picão-preto (Bidens pilosa) Imbibition and germination of hairy beggartick seeds (Bidens pilosa)

Um experimento foi conduzido no laboratório da Embrapa Soja, Londrina-PR, com o objetivo de avaliar as correlações entre períodos de embebição, níveis de absorção de água e germinação das sementes da planta daninha Bidens pilosa (picão-preto). As sementes de picão-preto, colhidas em março de 1997, foram colocadas para embeber em água por períodos de 6, 12, 18, 24 e 48 horas. Em seguida, foi determinado o teor de água nas sementes e a condutividade elétrica dos seus exsudatos. A germinação foi avaliada em germinador com ciclo de 14/10 horas de luz fluorescente difusa e escura, respectivamente, com temperaturas respectivas de 30º/20 ºC e umidade relativa constante de 90±5%. Foi usado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, de 100 sementes. A porcentagem de germinação média foi de 87,5%. A absorção de água teve aumento significativo com maiores períodos de embebição. Não houve correlação entre a germinação, os períodos de embebição de água e a condutividade elétrica. A capacidade de absorção de água e a condutividade elétrica apresentaram médio grau de correlação entre si. A germinação iniciou-se no terceiro dia, após início da embebição, e o pico foi alcançado no quinto dia. Os maiores índices de velocidade de germinação foram obtidos pelos maiores períodos de embebição das sementes.<br>An experiment was carried out at Embrapa Soja, in Londrina-PR, Brazil to determine the relationships between imbibition periods, water absorption levels and seed germination of the weed hairy beggartick (Bidens pilosa). Seeds were harvested from field plants in March 1997, and were set to imbibe for periods of 06, 12, 18, 24 and 48 hours. The water content of the seeds and the electric conductivity of their exudates were determined. Germination was also determined using a germinator set for cycles of 14/10 hours of diffuse fluorescent light and dark, respectively, at 30º/20 ºC respective temperatures, and 90±5% constant relative humididty (RH). A completely randomized design experiment, with four replications of 100 seeds each, was used. Average seed germination percentage was 87.5%. Water absorption had a significant increase with longer imbibition periods. No correlation was observed among germination, water imbibition periods and electric conductivity. Water absorption capacity and electric conductivity presented a medium degree of correlation. Germination started on the third day and the peak was reached on the fifth day. The highest germination velocity index was obtained with the highest periods of seed imbibition