Conclusions on motor control depend on the type of model used to represent the periphery

Within the field of motor control, there is no consensus on which kinematic and kinetic aspects of movements are planned or controlled. Perturbing goal-directed movements is a frequently used tool to answer this question. To be able to draw conclusions about motor control from kinematic responses to perturbations, a model of the periphery (i.e., the skeleton, muscle-tendon complexes, and spinal reflex circuitry) is required. The purpose of the present study was to determine to what extent such conclusions depend on the level of simplification with which the dynamical properties of the periphery are modeled. For this purpose, we simulated fast goal-directed single-joint movement with four existing types of models. We tested how three types of perturbations affected movement trajectory if motor commands remained unchanged. We found that the four types of models of the periphery showed different robustness to the perturbations, leading to different predictions on how accurate motor commands need to be, i.e., how accurate the knowledge of external conditions needs to be. This means that when interpreting kinematic responses obtained in perturbation experiments the level of error correction attributed to adaptation of motor commands depends on the type of model used to describe the periphery

Systematic variation in performance of an interceptive action with changes in the temporal constraints

People are highly skilled at intercepting moving objects and are capable of remarkably accurate timing. The timing accuracy required depends upon the period of time for which contact with a moving target is possible - the "time window" for successful interception. Studies of performance in an experimental interception task that allows this time window to be manipulated suggest that people change aspects of their performance (movement time, MT, and movement speed) in response to changes in the time window. However, this research did not establish whether the observed changes in performance were the results of a response to the time window per se or of independent responses to the quantities defining the time window (the size and speed of a moving target). Experiment 1 was designed to resolve this issue. The speed and size of the target were both varied, resulting in variations in the time window; MT was the primary dependent measure. Predictions of the hypothesis that people respond directly to changes in the time window were verified. Predictions of the alternative hypothesis that responses to changes in target speed and size are independent of one another were not supported. Experiment 2 examined how the type of performance change observed in Experiment 1 was affected by changing the time available for executing the interception. The time available and the target speed were varied, and MT was again the primary dependent measure. MT was smaller when there was less time available, and the effect of target speed (and hence the time window) on MT was also smaller, becoming undetectable at the shortest available time (0.4s). The results of the two experiments are interpreted as providing information about the "rule" used to preprogramme movement parameters in anticipatory interceptive actions

Adaptations of lateral hand movements to early and late visual occlusion in catching

Contains fulltext : 139154.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)Recent studies suggested that the control of hand movements in catching involves continuous vision-based adjustments. More insight into these adjustments may be gained by examining the effects of occluding different parts of the ball trajectory. Here, we examined the effects of such occlusion on lateral hand movements when catching balls approaching from different directions, with the occlusion conditions presented in blocks or in randomized order. The analyses showed that late occlusion only had an effect during the blocked presentation, and early occlusion only during the randomized presentation. During the randomized presentation movement biases were more leftward if the preceding trial was an early occlusion trial. The effect of early occlusion during the randomized presentation suggests that the observed leftward movement bias relates to the rightward visual acceleration inherent to the ball trajectories used, while its absence during the blocked presentation seems to reflect trial-by-trial adaptations in the visuomotor gain, reminiscent of dynamic gain control in the smooth pursuit system. The movement biases during the late occlusion block were interpreted in terms of an incomplete motion extrapolation—a reduction of the velocity gain—caused by the fact that participants never saw the to-be-extrapolated part of the ball trajectory. These results underscore that continuous movement adjustments for catching do not only depend on visual information, but also on visuomotor adaptations based on non-visual information.14 p