Arab Spring or Arab Autumn: A Case Study of Eygpt and Syria

This study aims to identify causes and consequences of Arab Uprising in Egypt and Syria. The main objective of this research is to understand the terminologies that have been used to define the situation and major implications that have influenced the outcome of the revolution. Primary data has been generated to solve research problem. The methods used in this study to collect data were qualitative method and semi-structured interview. The findings of the study indicate that the term of ―Arab Spring is wrongly used in Syria and Egypt. Instead, the study found the best terminology that should be used in describing Arab Uprising is ―Arab Nightmare or ―Arab Autumns since the happiness of the people and prosperity of the country has fallen off. Also, the life of citizens after uprising become miserable and both countries have fallen in major aspects. The study also determined the factors that have caused the emergence of riots and protests in Egypt and Syria including unemployment, inflation, poverty, the lack of public services, the lack of freedom, domination, political exploitation, segregation, abusing power and corruption. The consequences of the uprising are the death of more than 140,000 Syrians, and more than 7000 others in Egypt despite the economic, social and political downturn. The study founds negative international role and indicates that international community failed to stop bloodshedding in Syria and military involvement in Egypt. In all, the study founds negative involvement of some countries such as Russia and Iran that are responsible for the killing of thousands in Syria. The findings of this study also identifies other factors that caused the failure of opposition groups in toppling Assad down from presidency other than Iran and Russia including Jihadist, Al-Qaeda affiliated groups and division between opposition groups. In conclusion, based on the consequence of the revolution and respondents, the Arab Autumn can become the most relevant terminology to define the uprising

Environmental cues and seasonal patterns of reproduction in goats

Goats usually exhibit a seasonal sexual activity and breeding at a specific season ensures the survival of offsprings by coinciding parturition with the adequate period of nutrition and climate conditions. Photoperiod is the main modulator of this seasonality in goats within different latitudes. Other environmental cues like seasonal changes in ambient temperature cycles seem also to induce a synchronizing effect on this seasonality. Moreover, food availability was found to affect reproductive physiology. Indeed, an improved nutrition enhances sexual behavior in goats while under-nutrition and particularly a negative energy balance adversely impact this activity. On the other hand, the social interaction in this species also affects the expression of the physiology and the sexual behavior during the breeding season. Goats, generally display a good plasticity of adaptation to all weathers including hot, cold, wet and dry ones. This peculiarity seems genotype-dependent and may be crucial for an efficient anticipation of new changes in the environmental cues related to global climatic changes. In this review we outline the effect of exogenous and endogenous factors on reproduction in goats thus providing a basis for comparing previous studies on main factors controlling the breeding seasonality in this species. Keywords: Goats, seasonal breeding, photoperiod, ambient temperature, food availability, social cues, genotype.La chèvre présente une reproduction saisonnière. Cette saisonnalité permet de coïncider la parturition avec la période adéquate de la nutrition et les conditions climatiques pour la survie de la progéniture. La présente revue analyse à travers les différents biotopes, les facteurs intervenants dans l'expression de cette saisonnalité de l'activité sexuelle chez cette espèce. Sous les différentes latitudes, la photopériode est le principal modulateur de cette saisonnalité chez la chèvre. D'autres facteurs environnementaux comme les changements saisonniers des cycles de la température ambiante semblent également induire un effet de synchronisation de cette saisonnalité. De plus, la disponibilité de la nourriture affecte de manière sensible la physiologie de la reproduction chez cette espèce. En effet, un état de bonne nutrition renforce le comportement sexuel chez la chèvre, alors que la sous-nutrition et en particulier un bilan énergétique négatif ont un impact négatif sur cette saisonnalité. D'autre part, l'interaction sociale chez cette espèce affecte également l'expression de la physiologie et le comportement sexuel pendant la saison de la reproduction. La chèvre présente une bonne adaptation à tous les biotopes, y compris les chauds, froids, humides et secs. Cette particularité semble dépendre du génotype et peut être cruciale pour une anticipation efficace des changements climatiques globaux. Mots clés: Chèvre, reproduction saisonnière, photopériode, température ambiante, disponibilité alimentaire, facteurs sociaux, génotype