Tumor type-specific and skin region-selective metastasis of human cancers : another example of the "seed and soil" hypothesis

Metastasis of human cancer is an organ-selective process that is determined by anatomical and biological factors as well as by specific microenvironmental properties. Dissemination of visceral malignancies to the skin is rather rare and usually occurs in a later stage of the disease. Using statistical approaches, both positive (renal and lung cancers) and negative (pancreatic and liver cancers) organ preferences can be identified in a variety of cancers. While certain cancer types are characterized by random distribution for skin metastasis (liver cancer), a number of cancers demonstrate a colonization preference to the region of origin: lung cancer to the supradiaphragmatic (mostly chest) and colorectal cancers to the infradiaphragmatic (abdominal) skin regions. In certain cases, however, skin metastasis develops more frequently at specific distant locations, as evidenced by the dissemination of renal cancer at the head and neck region. These findings are clinically relevant and useful especially in patients where skin metastasis is the first indication of a malignancy. Nevertheless, it is a strong argument for the predominant role of microenvironmental factors in cancer dissemination. On the other hand, skin metastases of visceral cancers provide a unique model to analyze the pathomechanisms determining organ selectivity, including the organ-specific vascularization, the dermatome-specific innervation, or immunological and developmental factors

Memory Reactivation in Humans (Imaging Studies)

Consistent evidence indicates that sleep participates in memory consolidation processes, possibly through the replay of learning-related neuronal activity. Besides animal data, non-invasive brain imaging studies in man (mostly using positron emission tomography [PET] and functional magnetic resonance imaging [fMRI]) have shown the spontaneous reactivation of cerebral activity in learning-related areas during sleep. Additionally, studies triggering reactivation using contextual cues during sleep have suggested a causal role for neuronal replay and reactivation in memory consolidation processes. Finally, several imaging studies support the hypothesis that post-learning sleep promotes a progressive transfer of information from hippocampus toward neocortical stores over time, as a possible consequence of the neuronal replay. Besides neuroimaging techniques, we argue that replay of neuronal activity may also be investigated and accessed at the behavioural level through the study of dreams and sleep disorders .info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Boundary conditions of the emotional exhaustion-unsafe behavior link: The dark side of group norms and personal control

The article of record as published may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/sI0490-015-9455-7This study focuses on the conditions under which emotional exhaustion leads to employee unsafe behavior. In a sample of 592 construction workers nested in 33 groups, we found that both emotional exhaustion and unsafe behavior norms were positively related to unsafe behavior by employees. Unsafe behavior norms moderated the relationship between emotional exhaustion and unsafe behavior, such that high group unsafe behavior norms strengthened the emotional exhaustion-employee unsafe behavior link. Furthermore, results indicated a three-way interaction effect in which employees with high emotional exhaustion conducted the highest levels of unsafe behavior when both group unsafe behavior norms and personal control over work were high. This paper provides important implications on understanding the influence of group norms on employee unsafe behavior, as well as its magnifying effect with personal control on the emotional exhaustion-unsafe behavior link.National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaFulbright ScholarshipCenter for Statistical Science, Peking UniversityKey Laboratory of Mathematical Economics and Quantitative Finance (Peking University, Ministry of EducationGrant no. 10901010Grant No. 7150217