HIV Specific Humoral Immune Response in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Efforts to characterize HIV-1 polymorphism and anti-HIV immune response are being made in areas where anti-HIV/AIDS vaccines are to be employed. Anti-HIV-1 humoral immune response is being studied in infected individuals resident in Rio de Janeiro, in distinct cohorts involving recent seroconvertors, pregnant women or intravenous drug users (IDU). Comparative analyses of specificity of antibody response towards epitopes important for anti-HIV-1 immune response indicate quantitative differences between cohorts, with an exceptionally strong response in IDUs and weakest response in pregnant women. However, a comparative analysis between pregnant women cohorts from Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Sul indicated an even lower response (with exception of the anti-V3-C clade peptide recognition) for the southern cohort. Studies analysing the immune function of the humoral response indicate a quite elevated occurrence of antibodies capable of neutralizing heterologous primary HIV-1 isolates from Rio de Janeiro. Attempts to correlate seroreactivity with HIV-1 neutralization with respect to HIV-1 polymorphism were not very successfull: while the Brazilian B clade B" variant could be recognized by binding assays, no significant distinction of HIV-1 clades/variants was observed in viral neutralization assays

Asma e fatores associados em adolescentes de 13 e 14 anos em São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil Asthma and associated factors in students 13 and 14 years of age in São Luís, Maranhão State, Brazil

O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a prevalência de asma e fatores associados em estudantes de 13 e 14 anos do Município de São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil. Realizou-se estudo transversal utilizando o questionário do ISAAC (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood) e questionário complementar, entre julho de 2008 e maio de 2009 com 3.069 adolescentes. A prevalência de asma (sibilos nos últimos 12 meses) foi de 12,7%, sendo que 32,4% apresentaram sibilos alguma vez na vida, 3,9% tinham dificuldade de fala por causa de sibilos e 9,8% relataram sibilos após exercícios físicos. Na análise multivariada, os fatores associados à maior prevalência de asma foram história familiar de asma, infecção respiratória e sibilos no início da vida, eczema, tabagismo passivo e rinite alérgica. A prevalência de asma encontrada foi inferior à brasileira. Os fatores mais associados com a prevalência de asma foram história familiar de asma (RP = 3,86), sibilos no início da vida (RP = 4,58) e rinite alérgica (RP = 3,21).<br>The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of asthma and associated factors among students 13 and 14 years of age in São Luís, Maranhão State, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted using the questionnaire developed by ISAAC (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood) and an additional questionnaire from July 2008 to May 2009, including 3,069 adolescents. Asthma prevalence (wheezing in the previous 12 months) was 12.7%, lifetime prevalence was 32.4%, 3.9% reported difficulty speaking due to wheezing, and 9.8% reported wheezing after exercise. In the multivariate analysis, factors associated with increased asthma prevalence were family history of asthma, respiratory infection and wheezing in early life, eczema, allergic rhinitis, and passive smoking. Asthma prevalence was lower than for Brazil as a whole. Factors most strongly associated with asthma prevalence in these adolescents were family history of asthma (PR = 3.86), wheezing in early childhood (PR = 4.58), and allergic rhinitis (PR = 3.21)