The Generation R Study: design and cohort update 2010

The Generation R Study is a population-based prospective cohort study from fetal life until young adulthood. The study is designed to identify early environmental and genetic causes of normal and abnormal growth, development and health during fetal life, childhood and adulthood. The study focuses on four primary areas of research: (1) growth and physical development; (2) behavioural and cognitive development; (3) diseases in childhood; and (4) health and healthcare for pregnant women and children. In total, 9,778 mothers with a delivery date from April 2002 until January 2006 were enrolled in the study. General follow-up rates until the age of 4 years exceed 75%. Data collection in mothers, fathers and preschool children included questionnaires, detailed physical and ultrasound examinations, behavioural observations, and biological samples. A genome wide association screen is available in the participating children. Regular detailed hands on assessment are performed from the age of 5 years onwards. Eventually, results forthcoming from the Generation R Study have to contribute to the development of strategies for optimizing health and healthcare for pregnant women and children

Comparison between the transverse responses of the reactions C-12(e, e(') p)B-11 and C-12(gamma, p)B-11

A study of the reaction C-12(e,e'p)B-11 in parallel kinematics has been made for the missing-momentum region 25

Evidence for short-range correlations in O-16.

The reaction O-16(e,e'pp)C-14 has been investigated at three values of the transferred energy omega. The differential cross sections were determined as a function of the missing energy and the missing momentum. Evidence for short-range correlations in O-16 has been obtained from the transition to the ground state of C-14. The cross sections for this transition are well reproduced by two independent parameter-free microscopic calculations. The results of both calculations show that the reaction is dominated by knockout of a proton pair in a S-1(0) state, driven by short-range-correlations. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved

Evidence for short-range correlations in O-16

The reaction O-16(e,e'pp)C-14 has been investigated at three values of the transferred energy omega. The differential cross sections were determined as a function of the missing energy and the missing momentum. Evidence for short-range correlations in O-16 has been obtained from the transition to the ground state of C-14. The cross sections for this transition are well reproduced by two independent parameter-free microscopic calculations. The results of both calculations show that the reaction is dominated by knockout of a proton pair in a S-1(0) state, driven by short-range-correlations. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved

Investigation of the exclusive He-3(e,e ' pp)n reaction

Cross sections for the He-3(e,e'pp)n reaction were measured over a wide range of energy and three-momentum transfer. At a momentum transfer q=375 MeV/c, data were taken at transferred energies omega ranging from 170 to 290 MeV. At omega = 220 MeV, measurements were performed at three q values (305, 375, and 445 MeV/c). The results are presented as a function of the neutron momentum in the final state, as a function of the energy and momentum transfer, and as a function of the relative momentum of the two-proton system. The data at neutron momenta below 100 MeV/c, obtained for two values of the momentum transfer at omega = 220 MeV, are well described by the results of continuum-Faddeev calculations. These calculations indicate that the cross section in this domain is dominated by direct two-proton emission induced by a one-body hadronic current. Cross section distributions determined as a function of the relative momentum of the two protons are fairly well reproduced by continuum-Faddeev calculations based on various realistic nucleon-nucleon potential models. At higher neutron momentum and at higher energy transfer, deviations between data and calculations are observed that may be due to contributions of isobar currents

Investigation of the exclusive He-3(e,e ' pp)n reaction

Cross sections for the He-3(e,e'pp)n reaction were measured over a wide range of energy and three-momentum transfer. At a momentum transfer q=375 MeV/c, data were taken at transferred energies omega ranging from 170 to 290 MeV. At omega = 220 MeV, measurements were performed at three q values (305, 375, and 445 MeV/c). The results are presented as a function of the neutron momentum in the final state, as a function of the energy and momentum transfer, and as a function of the relative momentum of the two-proton system. The data at neutron momenta below 100 MeV/c, obtained for two values of the momentum transfer at omega = 220 MeV, are well described by the results of continuum-Faddeev calculations. These calculations indicate that the cross section in this domain is dominated by direct two-proton emission induced by a one-body hadronic current. Cross section distributions determined as a function of the relative momentum of the two protons are fairly well reproduced by continuum-Faddeev calculations based on various realistic nucleon-nucleon potential models. At higher neutron momentum and at higher energy transfer, deviations between data and calculations are observed that may be due to contributions of isobar currents

Possible renoprotection by vitamin D in chronic renal disease: beyond mineral metabolism

Vitamin D is typically viewed as a key player in the regulation of calcium and phosphate levels and the control of bone metabolism; however, growing evidence suggests that vitamin D deficiency may also have an important role in the progressive loss of renal function. Vitamin D deficiency is particularly frequent in patients with chronic kidney disease, in whom it is associated with increased mortality. Studies indicate that treatment with vitamin D analogues reduces proteinuria, suppresses the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and exerts anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. These pleiotropic effects render vitamin D a potentially interesting treatment modality for renoprotection in patients with chronic kidney disease. Whether vitamin D has clinically relevant renoprotective effects in addition to RAAS blockade is currently under investigation