Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities 1,2 . This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity 3�6 . Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55 of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017�and more than 80 in some low- and middle-income regions�was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing�and in some countries reversal�of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories. © 2019, The Author(s)

Rapid N-acetyltransferase 2 imputed phenotype and smoking may increase risk of colorectal cancer in women (Netherlands)

Objective: The relationship between smoking and colorectal cancer risk and whether such effect is modified by variations in the NAT2 genotype is investigated. Methods: In the prospective DOM (Diagnostisch Onderzoek Mammacarcinoom; 27,722 women) cohort follow-up from 1976 until 1987 revealed 54 deaths due to colon or rectal cancer, and follow-up from 1987 to 01-01-1996 revealed 204 incident colorectal cancer cases. A random sample (n = 857) from the baseline cohort was used as controls. Four NAT2 restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were analysed using DNA extracted from urine samples. Rapid or slow acetylator phenotype status was attributed to individuals. Results: Smoking may increase the risk for colon cancer (RR = 1.36, 95% CI 0.97-1.92) as well as for rectal cancer (RR = 1.31, 95% CI 0.76-2.25), although not statistically significant. Rapid NAT2 acetylation did not increase colorectal cancer risk, but in combination with smoking the risk was statistically significant increased, compared to women who had a slow NAT2 imputed phenotype and never smoked (RR = 1.56, 95% CI 1.03-2.37). For colon cancer, but not for rectal cancer the increased risk was statistically significant (RR = 1.67, 95% CI, 1.05-2.67 versus RR = 1.30 95% CI 0.63-2.68). Conclusions: Our study points to smoking as a risk factor for colon and rectal cancer and, in addition, especially in women with rapid NAT2 imputed phenotype

Quality and quantity of DNA isolated from frozen urine in population-based research

In several population-based studies in the past urine samples were collected and stored for future research. We set out to determine the reliability of using such samples for genotyping DNA markers in epidemiologic research. A source of DNA extracted from exfoliated nucleated cells in urine is provided by the DOM cohort, in which specimens were collected 15-25 years ago. We have examined the quality of the DNA in 48 of these samples by measuring the amount of DNA isolated and its ability to provide an adequate PCR template for amplicons of different lengths. MTHFR polymorphism was analyzed in 644 specimens to determine the inter- and intraobserver reproducibility. Although the DNA amount was variable, 26 to 89% of the samples, depending both on the length of the PCR amplicon and on PCR conditions, yielded a visible PCR product. The intra- and interobserver agreements were comparable (kappa 0.86 and 0.88, respectively). Our results demonstrate that frozen urine samples can be used for DNA typing studies in women after prolonged periods of storage, but with sometimes unpredictable results. Ultimately, the genotype success rate was 89.3%. Urine collection can be considered as a useful method of obtaining DNA in large cohort studies and other circumstances when blood samples cannot be obtained or have not been stored

Avaliação do regime estacionário em colunas de amostras deformadas de solo sob saturação Evaluation of the stationary condition in disturbed saturated soil columns

Estudos sobre o movimento de solutos no solo freqüentemente são realizados em laboratório, sob condições aparentemente controladas. Uma revisão desses estudos mostrou, no entanto, que a variável tempo, para obtenção do regime estacionário tem sido freqüentemente negligenciada. Face ao exposto, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo registrar o tempo para que o fluxo da água no solo sob condições de saturação atinja o equilíbrio dinâmico, medindo-se a condutividade hidráulica saturada (K0) do solo. A condição de equilíbrio dinâmico é a etapa que antecede a aplicação do íon no solo em estudos de eluição de solutos. Utilizaram-se amostras deformadas de três solos com diferentes granulometrias: muito argilosa, média e arenosa, coletadas em área experimental da ESALQ/USP. As amostras foram acondicionadas em colunas de PVC, e utilizou-se água destilada e deaerada para saturação e posterior escoamento nas colunas, conforme montagem experimental do permeâmetro de carga constante. Pelos resultados, constatou-se que, nas amostras dos solos muito argiloso e médio, o equilíbrio dinâmico foi atingido após 15 dias de drenagem e, para o arenoso, após 27 dias, sendo a variabilidade de K0 maior nos primeiros seis dias depois de iniciado o ensaio. Essa situação evidenciou que a adoção de um tempo fixo para adição dos solutos pode levar a uma baixa confiabilidade nos resultados.<br>Studies about solute movement in soil are frequently realized under laboratory conditions, in apparently controlled situations. A review of these studies showed that the variable time, to obtain the stationary condition, is frequently neglected. In view of this fact, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the time it takes until the water flow in saturated soil reaches the steady-state, by measuring saturated hydraulic conductivity (K0). The steady-state is the stage that precedes the application of the ion into soil samples in solute elution studies. Disturbed soil samples were collected in an experimental area of the ESALQ/USP. The soils had three different granulometries: very clayey, sandy-loam and sandy soil. PVC columns were filled with soil samples and then distilled and deaerated water was used for saturation and subsequent drainage in the columns, according to the experimental set-up of a constant-head permeameter. The data showed that for very clayey and sandy-loam samples, the steady-state was reached after 15 days and for the sandy soil after 27 days. The variability of K0 was higher in the first six test days. It was therefore concluded that the use of a fixed time for the addition of solutes in soil can result in a reduction of reliability in results