Adsorption Isotherms For Oleic Acid Removal From Ethanol + Water Solutions Using The Strong Anion-exchange Resin Amberlyst A26 Oh

Adsorption isotherms for the removal of oleic acid from ethanol + water solutions using a strong anion-exchange resin (Amberlyst A26 OH) were experimentally determined. The equilibrium data were correlated using the Langmuir model by adjusting the parameters qm/(g of acid-g of dry resin-1), maximum content that can be adsorbed on solid phase, and KdKg of acid·g of solvent-1), the equilibrium constant. The Freundlich and Redlich-Petersen models were also used, but the Langmuir model shows the lower average deviations between experimental and calculated results. The behavior and the capacity of the resin to remove the fatty acid from the liquid phase were evaluated at different experimental conditions: the water content in ethanol was varied within the range (0 to 15) mass %, and two equilibrium temperatures were investigated: (298.15 and 313.15) K. It was observed that both variables, water content in ethanol and equilibrium temperature, do not significantly influence the equilibrium behavior. It was also observed that the strong anion-exchange resin (Amberlyst A26 OH) has a good performance in the removal of the fatty acid from the liquid phase. To determine exactly the mechanism for the uptake of oleic acid by the resin, equilibrium experiments were done with different oleic acid concentrations (7, 9, and 11) mass % in solution with water content in ethanol (0.57 ± 0.01) mass % at 298.15 K. In this way the concentration of oleic acid in resin phase was determined, and it was observed than the most important mechanism of uptake is the ion exchange. © 2005 American Chemical Society.50515291534Gonçalves, C.B., Meirelles, A.J.A., Liquid-liquid equilibrium data for the system palm oil + fatty acids + ethanol + water at 318.2 K (2004) Fluid Phase Equilib., 221, pp. 139-150Rodrigues, C.E.C., Pessôa Filho, P.A., Meirelles, A.J.A., Phase equilibrium for the system rice bran oil + fatty acids + ethanol + water + γ-oryzanol + tocols (2004) Fluid Phase Equilib., 216, pp. 271-283Rodrigues, C.E.C., Antoniassi, R., Meirelles, A.J.A., Equilibrium data for the system rice bran oil + fatty acids + ethanol + water at 298.2 K (2003) J. Chem. Eng. Data, 48, pp. 367-373Gonçalves, C.B., Batista, E., Meirelles, A.J.A., Liquid-liquid equilibrium data for the system corn oil + oleic acid + ethanol + water at 298.15 K (2002) J. Chem. Eng. Data, 47, pp. 416-420DeJarlais, W.J., Adlof, R.O., Emken, E.A., Acetonitrile as eluent in silver resin column chromatography (1983) J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 60, pp. 83-85Latip, R.A., Baharin, B.S., Che Man, Y.B., Rahman, R.A., Effect of adsorption and solvent extration process on the percentage of carotene extracted from crude palm oil (2001) J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 78, pp. 83-85Adlof, R.O., Emken, E.A., Partial Argentation resin chromatography (PARC): III. the effects of sodium ion incorporation and solvent on the separation of mixture of fatty acids, of fatty esters, and of triglycerides (1981) J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 2, pp. 99-101Ibáñez González, M.J., Rubles Medina, A., Esteban Cerdán, L., Camacho Páez, B., Gimenez Gimenez, A., Molina Grima, E., Adsorption equilibria of fatty acids between methanol/water and reversed phase chromatographyc adsorbents (2001) J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 78, pp. 277-283Miers, J.A.J., Regulation of ion exchange resins for the food, water and beverage industries (1995) React. Polym., 24, pp. 99-107Utsunomiya, Y., Government regulations on the use of ion exchange resins for the processing of potable water, food products and pharmaceuticals in japan (1995) React. Polym., 24, pp. 121-132Cao, X., Yun, H.S., Koo, Y., Recovery of L-(+) lactic acid by anion exchange resin Amberlite IRA-400 (2002) Biochem. Eng. J., 11, pp. 189-196Antonio De Lucas, J.L., Cañizares, P., Rodriguez, J.F., Garcia, I., Potassium removal from water-polyol mixtures by ion exchange on Amberlite 252 (1997) Chem. Eng. J., 66, pp. 137-147Anasthas, H.M., Gaikar, V.G., Adsorptive separation of alkylphenols using ion exchange resins (1999) React. Fund. Polym., 39, pp. 227-237Gaikar, V.G., Maiti, O., Adsorptive recovery of naphthenic acids using ion exchange resins (1996) React. Fund. Polym., 31, pp. 155-164Antonio De Lucas, J.L., Valverde, M.C.R., Gomez, J., Rodríuez, J., Ion exchange equilibria in nonaqueous and mixed solvents on the cationic exchanger Amberlite Ir 120 (2001) J. Chem. Eng. Data, 46, pp. 73-78(1988) Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 3rd Ed., pp. 1-2. , AOCS Press: Champaign, ILAltin, O., Ozbelge, H.O., Dogu, T., Use of general purpose adsorption isotherms for heavy metal-clay mineral interactions (1998) J. Colloid Interface Sci., 198, pp. 130-140Brunauer, S., Deming, L.S., Deming, W.E., Teller, E.J., On a theory of the van der Waals adsorption of gases (1940) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 62 (2), p. 172

Peg + Potassium Phosphate + Urea Aqueous Two-phase Systems: Phase Equilibrium And Protein Partitioning

Liquid-liquid equilibria of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) + potassium phosphate + urea + water aqueous two-phase systems were studied for different PEG molecular weights and pHs. Experimental techniques and analytical methods are described. Equilibrium data were obtained for PEG (1450, 3350, 10000) + potassium phosphate (pH 7 and 9) + urea (6 mass%) + water aqueous two-phase systems at 25°C. Four tie lines were measured for each system. The partitioning behaviors of lysozyme, catalase, and β-galactosidase were studied in these systems at 25°C, at pH 7, and at the urea concentrations 3 and 6 mass %.462251255Brooks, D.E., Sharp, K.A., Theoretical aspects of partitioning (1985) Partitioning in Aqueous Two-Phase Systems, pp. 11-84. , Walter, H., Brooks, D. E., Fisher, D., Eds.Academic Press: LondonMishima, K., Nakatani, K., Nomiyama, T., Matsuyama, K., Nagatani, M., Nishikawa, H., Liquid-liquid equilibria of aqueous two-phase systems containing polyethylene glycol and dipotassium dydrogenphosphate (1995) Fluid Phase Equilib., 107, pp. 269-276Peng, Q., Li, Z., Experiments, L.Y., Correlation and prediction of protein partition coefficient in aqueous two-phase systems containing PEG and K 2HPO 4sKH 2HPO 4 (1995) Fluid Phase Equilib., 107, pp. 303-315Grossmann, C., Tintinger, R., Zhu, J., Maurer, G., Partition of low molecular combination peptides in aqueous two-phase systems of poly(ethylene glycol) and dextran in the presence of small amount of K 2HPO 4/KH 2PO 4 buffer at 293 K: Experimental results and predictions (1998) Biotechnol. Bioeng., 60 (6), pp. 699-711Albertsson, P.A., (1986) Partition of Cell Particles and Macromolecules;, , Wiley-Interscience: New YorkCabezas Jr., H., Evans, J.D., Szlag, D.C., Statistical thermodynamics of aqueous two-phase systems (1990) Downstream Processing and Bioseparation, pp. 39-52. , Hamel, J. F. P., Hunter, J. B., Sikdar, S. K., Eds.ACS Symposium Series 419American Chemical Society: Washington, DCSilva, L.H.M., Meirelles, A.J.A., Phase equilibrium in polyethylene glycol/maltodextrin aqueous two-phase systems (2000) Carbohydr. Polym., 42 (3), pp. 273-278Voros, N., Proust, P., Fredenslund, A., Liquid-liquid-phase equilibria of aqueous two-phase systems containing salts and polyethylene glycol (1993) Fluid Phase Equilib., 90, pp. 333-353Rämsch, C., Kleinelanghorst, L.B., Knips, A.E., Thömmes, J., Kula, M.-R., Aqueous two-phase systems containing urea: Influence of phase separation and stabilization of protein conformation by phase components (1999) Biotechnol. Prog., 15, pp. 493-499Kula, M.-R., Extraction and purification of enzymes (1979) Appl. Biochem. Bioeng., 5, pp. 71-77Zaslavsky, B.Y., (1995) Aqueous Two-Phase Partitioning, Physical Chemistry and Bionalytical Applications;, , Marcel Dekker: New YorkBrooks, D.E., Sharp, K.A., Bamberger, S., Tamblyn, C.H., Seaman, G.V.F., Walter, H., Eletrostatic and electrokinetic potentials in two polymer aqueous phase systems (1984) J. Colloid Interface Sci., 102, pp. 1-8Silva, L.H.M., Bovine, A.J.M.A., Serum albumin R-lactoalbumin and â-lactoglobulin partitioning in polyethylene glycol/maltodextrin aqueous-two-phase systems (2000) Carbohydr. Polym., 42 (3), pp. 279-282Alves, J.G.L.F., Chumpitaz, L.D.A., Silva, L.H.M., Franco, T.T., Meirelles, A.J.A., Partitioning of whey proteins, bovine serum albumin and porcine insulin in aqueous two-phase systems (2000) J. Chromatogr. B, 743, pp. 235-239Forciniti, D., Kula, M.-R., Hall, C.K., Influence of polymer weight and temperature on phase composition in aqueous two-phase systems (1991) Fluid Phase Equilib., 61, pp. 243-262Carlsson, M., Linse, P., Tjerneld, F., Partitioning in aqueous polymer two-phase systems: I. Modeling of affinity partition (1995) Bioseparation, 5, pp. 155-166Diamond, A.D., Hsu, J.T., Fundamental studies of biomolecules partitioning in aqueous two-phase systems (1989) Biotechnol. Bioeng., 34, pp. 1000-1014Huddlestone, J., Abelaira, J.C., Wang, R., Lyddiatt, A., Protein partition between the different phases comprising poly(Ethylene Glycol)-salt aqueous two-phase systems, hydrophobic interaction chromatography and precipitation: A generic description in terms of salting-out effects (1996) J. Chromatogr. B, 680, pp. 31-41Johansson, H.O., Lundh, G., Karlström, G., Jerneld, T., Effects of ions on partitioning of serum albumin and lisozyme in aqueous two-phase systems containing ethylene oxide/propylene oxide co-polymers (1996) Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1290, pp. 289-298Schluck, A., Maurer, G., Kula, M.-R., The influence of electrostatic interactions on partition in aqueous polyethylene glycol/dextran biphasic systems: Part II (1995) Biotechnol. Bioeng., 47, pp. 252-260Silva, L.H.M., Coimbra, J.R., Meirelles, A.J.A., Equilibrium behavior of poly(ethylene glycol) + potassium phosphate + water two-phase systems at various ph and temperatures (1997) J. Chem. Eng. Data, 42, pp. 398-401Atkins, P.W., (1987) Physical Chemistry, , 3rd ed.Oxford University Press: OxfordGreve, A., (1989) Salz-Rezyklierung der Ersten Unterphase Bei der Proteinextraktion, , Doktor-Ingenieur Dissertation, RWTH-Aachen, GermanyHustedt, H., Kroner, K.H., Kula, M.-R., Applications of phase partitioning in biotechnology (1985) Partitioning in Aqueous Two- Phase Systems, pp. 529-587. , Walter, H., Brooks, D. E., Fisher, D., Eds.Academic Press: London(1984) Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, , AOACsOfficial, Method 991.20, 14 ed.Arlington, VirginiaCheluget, E.L., Gelinas, S., Vera, J.H., Weber, M.E., Liquidliquid equilibrium of aqueous mixtures of poly(propylene glycol) with NaCl (1994) J. Chem. Eng. Data, 39, pp. 127-130Snyder, S.M., Cole, K.D., Compositions, D.C., Phase Compositions, viscosities and densities for aqueous two-phase systems composed of polyethylene glycol and various salts at 25 °C (1992) J. Chem. Eng. Data, 37, pp. 266-274Lei, X., Diamond, A.D., Hsu, J.T., Equilibrium phase behaviour of the poly(ethylene glycol)/potassium phosphate/water two- phase system (1990) J. Chem. Eng. Data, 35, pp. 420-423Szlag, D.C., Giuliano, K.A., Snyder, S.M., A low-cost aqueous two-phase system for affinity extraction (1990) Downstream Processing and Bioseparation, pp. 71-86. , Hamel, J. F. P., Hunter, J. B., Sikdar, S. K., Eds.ACS Symposium Series 419American Chemical Society: Washington, DCVernau, J., Kula, M.-R., Extraction of proteins from biological raw material using aqueous polyethylene glycol-citrate phase systems (1990) Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem., 12 (4), pp. 397-40

Prediction of heat capacities and heats of vaporization of organic liquids by group contribution methods

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)In the present work a group contribution method is proposed for the estimation of the heat capacity of organic liquids as a function of temperature for fatty compounds found in edible oil and biofuels industries. The data bank used for regression of the group contribution parameters (1395 values for 86 types of substances) included fatty compounds, such as fatty acids, esters, alcohols and triacylglycerols, and hydrocarbons. The performance of this method is compared with other published group contribution methods [Z. Kolska, J. Kukal, M. Zabransky, V. Ruzicka Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 47 (2008) 2075-2085] and the Rowlinson-Bondi equation. Also, the predictive performance of general correlations of heats of vaporization based on the corresponding-states method, such as Carruth and Kobayashi [G.F. Carruth, R. Kobayashi, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam. 11 (1972) 509-516], Sivaraman et al. [A. Sivaraman, J.W. Magee, R. Kobayashi, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam. 23 (1984) 97-100], and Morgan and Kobayashi [D.L. Morgan, R. Kobayashi, Fluid Phase Equilib. 94 (1994) 51-87], as well as of a group contribution model [C.H. Tu, C.R Liu, Fluid Phase Equilib. 121 (1996) 45-65]. have been studied for fatty compounds. An alternative method in the prediction of heats of vaporization of fatty compounds based on the vapor pressure model of Ceriani and Meirelles [R. Ceriani. A.J.A. Meirelles, Fluid Phase Equilib. 215 (2004) 227-236] and its combination with the Clausius-Clapeyron equation has been Studied. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.283416714955FAPES [05/020797, 07/08136-8]Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)FAPES [05/020797, 07/08136-8]CNPq [303649/2004-6, 471880/2007-8

Phase Equilibrium For Systems Composed By High Unsaturated Vegetable Oils + Linoleic Acid + Ethanol + Water At 298.2 K

This work reports experimental liquid-liquid equilibrium data for model systems composed by refined vegetable oils + linoleic acid + ethanol + water at 298.2 K. The experimental data were used for adjusting parameters of the NRTL and UNIQUAC models. Global deviations between calculated and experimental data not higher than 1 % were obtained for all systems, showing the good descriptive quality of the models. © 2006 American Chemical Society.5111521Rodrigues, C.E.C., Antoniassi, R., Meirelles, A.J.A., Equilibrium data for the system rice bran oil + fatty acids + ethanol + water at 298.2 K (2003) J. Chem. Eng. Data, 48, pp. 367-373Rodrigues, C.E.C., Pessôa Filho, P.A., Meirelles, A.J.A., Phase equilibrium for the system rice bran oil + fatty acids + ethanol + water + γ-oryzanol + tocols (2004) Fluid Phase Equilib., 216, pp. 271-283Thomopoulos, C., Méthode de desacidification des huiles par solvant sélectif (1971) Rev. Fr. Corps Gras, 18, pp. 143-150Kim, J., Godber, J., King, J., Prinyawiwatkul, W., Inhibition of cholesterol autoxidation by the nonsaponifiable fraction in rice bran in an aqueous model system (2001) J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 78, pp. 685-689Kale, V., Katikaneni, S.P.R., Cheryan, M., Deacidifying rice bran oil by solvent extraction and membrane technology (1999) J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 76, pp. 723-727Bhattacharyya, A.C., Majumdar, S., Bhattacharyya, D.K., Refining of FFA rice bran oil by isopropanol extraction and alkali neutralization (1987) Oléagineaux, 42, pp. 431-433Shah, K.J., Venkatesan, T.K., Aqueous isopropyl alcohol for extraction of free fatty acids from oils (1989) J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 66, pp. 783-787Fachini, S., Samazzi, S., Behavior of alcohol in presence of olive oil which is acid (1925) Ind. Olii Grassi, 4, pp. 31-33Schlenker, E., Removal of fatty acids by means of alcohol (1931) Chem. Umsch. Geb. Fette, Oele, Wachse Harze, 38, pp. 108-110Batista, E., Monnerat, S., Kato, K., Stragevitch, L., Meirelles, A.J.A., Liquid-liquid equilibrium for systems of canola oil, oleic acid and short-chain alcohols (1999) J. Chem. Eng. Data, 44, pp. 1360-1364Batista, E., Monnerat, S., Stragevitch, L., Pina, C.G., Gonçalves, C.B., Meirelles, A.J.A., Prediction of liquid-liquid equilibrium for systems of vegetable oils, fatty acids and ethanol (1999) J. Chem. Eng. Data, 44, pp. 1365-1369Gonçalves, C.B., Batista, E., Meirelles, A.J.A., Liquid-liquid equilibrium data for the system corn oil + oleic acid + ethanol + water at 298.15 K (2002) J. Chem. Eng. Data, 47, pp. 416-420Gonçalves, C.B., Meirelles, A.J.A., Liquid-liquid equilibrium data for the system palm oil + fatty acids + ethanol + water at 318.2 K (2004) Fluid Phase Equilib., 221, pp. 139-150Amagase, H., Petesch, B.L., Matsuura, H., Kasuga, S., Itakura, Y., Intake of garlic and its bioactive components (2001) J. Nutr., 131, pp. 955S-962SMolero Gómez, A., Pereyra López, C., De La Martínez Ossa, E., Recovery of grape seed oil by liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction: A comparison with conventional solvent extraction (1996) Chem. Eng. J., 61, pp. 227-231Abou-Gharbia, H.A., Shehata, A.A.Y., Shahidi, F., Effect of processing on oxidative stability and lipid classes of sesame oil (2000) Food Res. Int., 33, pp. 331-340(1988) Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 3rd Ed., , AOCS: Champaign, IL(1998) Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 5th Ed., , AOCS: Champaign, IL(1979) Standard Methods for the Analysis of Oils, Fats and Derivatives, 6th Ed., , part 1 (sections I and II)Paquot, C., Ed.Pergamon Press: OxfordMarcilla, A., Ruiz, F., García, A.N., Liquid-liquid-solid equilibria of the quaternary system water-ethanol-acetone-sodium chloride at 25°C (1995) Fluid Phase Equilib., 112, pp. 273-289Se, R.A.G., Aznar, M., Liquid-liquid equilibrium of the aqueous two-phase system water + PEG 4000 + potassium phosphate at four temperatures: Experimental determination and thermodynamic modeling (2002) J. Chem. Eng. Data, 47, pp. 1401-1405Magnussen, T., Rasmussen, P., Fredenslund, A., Unifac parameter table for prediction of liquid-liquid equilibria (1981) Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev., 20, pp. 331-339Stragevitch, L., D'Avila, S.G., Application of a generalized maximum likelihood method in the reduction of multicomponent liquid-liquid equilibrium data (1997) Braz. J. Chem. Eng., 14, pp. 41-52Antoniosi Filho, N.R., Mendes, O.L., Lanças, F.M., Computer prediction of triacylglycerol composition of vegetable oils by HRGC (1995) Chromatographia, 40, pp. 557-562Ceriani, R., Meirelles, A.J.A., Simulation of continuous deodorizers: Effects on product streams (2004) J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 81, pp. 1059-1069Ceriani, R., Meirelles, A.J.A., Predicting vapor-liquid equilibria of fatty systems (2004) Fluid Phase Equilib., 215, pp. 227-23

Equilibrium Data For The System Rice Bran Oil + Fatty Acids + Ethanol + Water At 298.2 K

This work presents experimental data for the model system refined rice bran oil + commercial oleic acid + ethanol + water at 298.2 K. These data were correlated by the NRTL and UNIQUAC models, with a global deviation of approximately 0.7% for both models. The equilibrium of crude rice bran oil + aqueous ethanol was predicted with success using the adjusted interaction parameters, with deviation between calculated and experimental results not higher than 0.54%. The results showed that the addition of water to the solvent increases the solvent selectivity, reducing the losses of neutral oil and nutraceutical compounds, and expands the region of phase splitting, allowing the refining of highly acidic crude rice bran oils by solvent extraction.482367373Rukmini, C., Chemical, nutritional and toxicological studies of rice bran oil (1988) Food Chem., 30, pp. 257-268Deckere, E.A.M., Korver, O., Minor constituents of rice bran oil as functional foods (1996) Nutr. Rev., 54, pp. 120S-126SOrthoefer, F.T., Rice bran oil: Healthy lipid source (1996) Food Technol., 50, pp. 62-64Maccaskill, D.R., Zhang, F., Use of rice bran oil in foods (1999) Food Technol., 53, pp. 50-52Rong, N., Ausman, L.M., Nicolosi, R.J., Oryzanol decreases cholesterol absorption and aortic fatty streaks in hamsters (1997) Lipids, 32, pp. 303-309Kim, J., Godber, J., King, J., Prinyawiwatkul, W., Inhibition of cholesterol autoxidation by the nonsaponifiable fraction in rice bran in an aqueous model system (2001) J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 78, pp. 685-689Shin;, T.S., Godber, J.S., Martin, D.E., Wells, J.H., Hydrolytic stability and changes in E vitamers and oryzanol of extruded rice bran during storage (1997) J. Food Sci., 62, pp. 704-708Nakayama, S., Manabe, A., Suzuki, J., Sakamoto, K., Inagake, T., Comparative effects of two forms of γ-oryzanol in different sterol compositions on hyperlipidemia induced by cholesterol (1987) Jpn. J. Pharmacol., 44, pp. 135-143Akihisa, T., Yasukawa, K., Yamaura, M., Ukiya, M., Kimura, Y., Shimizu, N., Aral, K., Triterpene alcohol and sterol ferulates from rice bran and their antiinflammatory effects (2000) J. Agric. Food Chem., 48, pp. 2313-2319Eitenmiller, R.R., Vitamin E content of fats and oils: Nutritional implications (1997) Food Technol., 51, pp. 78-81Nesaretnan, K., Stephen, R., Dils, R., Darbre, P., Tocotrienols inhibit the growth of human breast cancer cells irrespective of estrogen receptor status (1998) Lipids, 33, pp. 461-469Qureshi, A.A., Mo, H., Packer, L., Peterson, D.M., Isolation and identification of novel tocotrienols from rice bran with hypocholesterolemic, antioxidant and antitumor properties (2000) J. Agric. Food Chem., 48, pp. 3130-3140Fornari, T., Bottini, S., Brignole, E.A., Application of UNTFAC to vegetable oil-alkane mixtures (1994) J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 71, pp. 391-395Gonzalez, C., Resa, J.M., Ruiz, A., Gutiérrez, J.I., Densities of mixtures containing n-alkanes with sunflower seed oil at different temperatures (1996) J. Chem. Eng. Data, 41, pp. 796-798Leibovitz, Z., Ruckenstein, C., Our experiences in processing maize (corn) germ oil (1983) J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 60, pp. 347A-351ACvengros, J., Physical refining of edible oils (1995) J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 72, pp. 1193-1196De, B.K., Bhattacharyya, D.K., Deacidification of high-acid rice bran oil by reesterification with monoglyceride (1999) J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 76, pp. 1243-1246Kale, V., Katikaneni, S.P.R., Cheryan, M., Deacidifying rice brain oil by solvent extraction and membrane technology (1999) J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 76, pp. 723-727Antoniassi, R., Esteves, W., Meirelles, A.J.A., Pretreatment of corn oil for physical refining (1998) J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 75, pp. 1411-1415Krishna, A.G.G., Khatoon, S., Shiela, P.M., Sarmandal, C.V., Indira, T.N., Mishra, A., Effect of refining of crude rice bran oil on the retention of oryzanol in the refined oil (2001) J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 78, pp. 127-131Thomopoulos, C., Méthode de desacidification des huiles par solvant sélectif (1971) Rev. Fr. Corps Gras, 18, pp. 143-150Bhattacharyya, A.C., Majumdar, S., Bhattacharyya, D.K., Refining of FFA rice bran oil by isopropanol extraction and alkali neutralization (1987) Oléagineaux, 42, pp. 431-433Shah, K.J., Venkatesan, T.K., Aqueous isopropyl alcohol for extraction of free fatty acids from oils (1989) J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 66, pp. 783-787Kim, S., Kim, C., Cheigh, H., Yoon, S., Effect of caustic refining, solvent refining and steam refining on the deacidification and color of rice bran oil (1985) J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 62, pp. 1492-1495Batista, E., Monnerat, S., Kato, K., Stragevitch, L., Meirelles, A.J.A., Liquid-liquid equilibrium for systems of canola oil, oleic acid and short-chain alcohols (1999) J. Chem. Eng. Data, 44, pp. 1360-1364Batista, E., Monnerat, S., Stragevitch, L., Pina, C.G., Gonçalves, C.B., Meirelles, A.J.A., Prediction of liquid-liquid equilibrium for systems of vegetable oils, fatty acids and ethanol (1999) J. Chem. Eng. Data, 44, pp. 1365-1369Gonçalves, C.B., Batista, E., Meirelles, A.J.A., Liquid-liquid equilibrium data for the system corn oil + oleic acid + ethanol + water at 298.15 K (2002) J. Chem. Eng. Data, 47, pp. 416-420(1988) Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 3rd Ed., 1-2. , A.O.C.S. Press: Champaign, IlHartman, L., Lago, R.C.A., Rapid preparation of fatty acid methyl esters from lipids (1973) Lab. Pract., 22, pp. 475-476Antoniosi Filho, N.R., Mendes, O.L., Lanças, F.M., Computer prediction of triacylglycerol composition of vegetable oils by HRGC (1995) Chromatographia, 40, pp. 557-562Seetharamaiah, G.S., Prabhakar, J.V., γ-orizanol content of Indian rice bran oil and its extraction from soapstock (1986) J. Food Sci. Technol., 23, pp. 270-273Parrish, D.B., Determination of vitamin E in foods - A review (1980) CRC Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 13, pp. 161-187Paquot, C., (1979) IUPAC Standard Methods for the Analysis of Oils, Fats and Derivatives, 6th Ed., (PART 1). , Pergamon Press: New York, sections I and IIMagnussen, T., Rasmussen, P., Fredenslund, A., Unifac parameter table for prediction of liquid-liquid equilibria (1981) Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev., 20, pp. 331-339Stragevitch, L., D'Avila, S.G., Application of a generalized maximum likelihood method in the reduction of multicomponent liquid-liquid equilibrium data (1997) Braz. J. Chem. Eng., 14, pp. 41-5

Technology Gap, Real Wages, And Learning In A Balance-of-payments- Constrained Growth Model

This paper argues that in developing countries, higher real wages - up to a certain critical point - may enhance the ability of workers to learn from and improve on foreign technology, with positive effects on international competitiveness and on the rate of economic growth consistent with current account equilibrium. Countries whose institutions severely hamper the increase in real wages could be trapped in a low-wage, slow-growth equilibrium. But learning opportunities derived from higher real wages are not boundless. Policies aimed at improving income distribution should be complemented by policies aimed at fostering the international diffusion of technology in order to sustain economic growth in the long run. These interactions between real wages and learning are studied within the context of a balance-of-payments- constrained growth model including two countries (North and South) with different levels of technological development. © 2007 M.E. 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High-pressure fractionation of spent coffee grounds oil using green solvents

Coffee industry generates large amounts of organic waste, including residues obtained during instant coffee production, referred to as spent coffee grounds (SCG). In this work, methods for extraction and fractionation of oil from SCG, focusing on the phenolic compounds content (TPC), were investigated at 333 K and 40 MPa, in one or two steps, with different solvents: pure supercritical CO2 (scCO2), ethanol and supercritical mixture of CO2 with ethanol (90:10 w/w). Fractionation was also evaluated in four separators aligned in series at 323 K at different pressures and ethanol concentrations. The ethanolic extract (E) presented the highest overall yield (25 wt%). Samples from the first separator obtained during fractionation of ethanolic extract showed TPC values up to four times higher than the original extract. Similar TPC enrichment was observed via two-step extraction. The results indicated the methods proposed are efficient to obtain extracts from SCG with higher content of phenolics157CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP406856/2013-3; 140345/2014-0; 305870/2014-9; 303734/2016-7; 406963/2016-9sem informação2016/09931-5; 2014/21252-