Structure And Floristic Similarities Of Upper Montane Forests In Serra Fina Mountain Range, Southeastern Brazil

The upper montane forests in the southern and southeastern regions of Brazil have an unusual and discontinuous geographic distribution at the top of the Atlantic coastal mountain ranges. To describe the floristic composition and structure of the Atlantic Forest near its upper altitudinal limit in southeastern Brazil, 30 plots with 10 × 10 m were installed in three forest sites between 2,200 and 2,300 m.a.s.l. at Serra Fina. The floristic composition and phytosociological structure of this forest were compared with other montane and upper montane forests. In total, 704 individuals were included, belonging to 24 species, 15 families, and 19 genera. Myrsinaceae, Myrtaceae, Symplocaceae, and Cunoniaceae were the most important families, and Myrsine gardneriana, Myrceugenia alpigena, Weinmannia humilis, and Symplocos corymboclados were the most important species. The three forest sites revealed differences in the abundance of species, density, canopy height, and number of stems per individual. The upper montane forests showed structural similarities, such as lower richness, diversity, and effective number of species, and they tended to have higher total densities and total dominance per hectare to montane forests. The most important species in these upper montane forests belong to Austral–Antartic genera or neotropical and pantropical genera that are typical of montane areas. The high number of species shared by these forests suggests past connections between the vegetation in southern Brazilian high-altitude areas.2915872Abe, N., Yamada, T., Variation in allometry and tree architecture among Symplocos species in a Japanese warm-temperate forest (2008) Journal of Plant Research, 121, pp. 155-162Archibald, S., Bond, W.J., Growing tall vs. growing wide: Tree architecture and allometry of Acacia karroo in forest, savanna, and arid environments (2003) Oikos, 102, pp. 3-14Arriaga, L., Types and causes of tree mortality in a tropical montane cloud forest of Tumaulipas, Mexico (2000) Journal of Tropical Ecology, 16, pp. 623-636Ayres, M., Ayres, M., Jr., Ayres, D.L., Santos, A.S., (2007) BioEstat 5.0: Aplicações nas áreas das ciências biológicas e médicas, , Belém, Sociedade Civil MamirauáBehling, H., Late quaternary vegetational and climatic changes in Brazil (1998) Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 99, pp. 143-156Behling, H., South and southeast Brazilian grasslands during Late Quaternary times: A synthesis (2002) Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecolgy, 177, pp. 19-27Bellingham, P.J., Tanner, E.V.J., The influence of topography on tree growth, mortality, and recruitment in a tropical montane forest (2000) Biotropica, 32, pp. 378-384Bertoncello, R., Yamamoto, K., Meireles, L.D., Shepherd, G.J., A phytogeographic analysis of cloud forests and other forest subtypes amidst the Atlantic forest in south and southeast Brazil (2011) Biodiversity and Conservation, 20, pp. 3413-3433Bruijnzeel, L.A., Proctor, J., Hydrology and biogeochemistry of tropical montane cloud forest: What do we really know? (1995) Tropical montane cloud forests, pp. 38-79. , Hamilton LS, Juvik JO, Scatena FN. (eds.) New York, Springer-VerlagBruijnzeel, L.A., Venaklaas, E.J., Climatic conditions and tropical montane forest productivy: The fog has not lifted yet (1998) Ecology, 79, pp. 3-9Cabrera, A.L., Revision del genero Dasyphyllum (Compositae) (1959) Revista del Museo de La Plata, 9, pp. 1-100Carvalho, L.M.T., Fontes, M.A.L., Oliveira-Filho, A.T., Tree species distribution in canopy gaps and mature forest in a area of cloud forest of the Ibitipoca Range, south-eastern Brazil (2000) Plant Ecology, 149, pp. 9-22Cavalier, J., Goldstein, G., Mist and fog interpretation in elfin cloud Forest in Colombia and Venezuela (1989) Journal of Tropical Ecology, 5, pp. 309-322Chiessi, C.M., (2004) Tectônica cenozóica do Maciço Alcalino de Passa Quatro (SP-MG-RJ), , Msc Thesis, Universidade de São Paulo, BrazilClark, L.G., Chusquea (2001) Flora Fanerogâmica do Estado de São Paulo, 1, pp. 24-36. , Wanderley MGL, Shepherd GJ, Giulietti AM. (eds.). São Paulo, Fapesp, HucitecDislich, R., Cersósimo, L., Mantovani, W., Análise da estrutura de fragmentos florestais no Planalto Paulistano - SP (2001) Revista Brasileira de Botânica, 24, pp. 321-332Doumenge, C., Gilmour, D., Perez, M.R., Blockhus, J., Tropical montane cloud forests: Conservation status and management issues (1995) Tropical montane cloud forests, pp. 24-37. , Hamilton LS, Juvik JO, Scatena FN. (eds.) New York, Springer-VerlagFalkenberg, D.B., (2003) Matinhas nebulares e vegetação rupícola dos Aparados da Serra Geral (SC/RS), sul do Brasil, , PhD Thesis, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, BrazilFalkenberg, D.B., Voltolini, J.C., The montane cloud forest in Southern Brazil (1995) Tropical montane cloud forests, pp. 138-149. , Hamilton LS, Juvik JO, Scatena FN. (eds.) New York, Springer-VerlagFlenley, J.R., Cloud forest, the Massenerhebung effect, and ultraviolet insolation (1995) Tropical montane cloud forests, pp. 150-155. , Hamilton LS, Juvik JO, Scatena FN. (eds.) New York, Springer-VerlagFrança, G.S., Stehmann, J.R., Composição florística e estrutura do componente arbóreo de uma floresta altimontana no município de Camanducaia, Minas Gerais, Brasil (2004) Revista Brasileira de Botânica, 27, pp. 19-30Gioda, A., Maley, J., Guasp, R.E., Baladón, A.A., Some low elevation fog forests of dry environments: Applications to African paleoenvironments (1995) Tropical montane cloud forests, pp. 156-164. , Hamilton LS, Juvik JO, Scatena FN. (eds.) New York, Springer-VerlagGiulietti, A.M., Pirani, J.R., Patterns of geographic distribution of some species from the Espinhaço Range, Minas Gerais and Bahia, Brasil (1988) Proceedings of a Workshop on Neotropical Distribution Patterns, pp. 39-69. , Vanzolini PE, Heyer WR. (eds.) Rio de Janeiro, Academia Brasileira de CiênciasGivnish, T.J., On the causes of gradients in tropical tropical tree diversity (1999) Journal of Ecology, 87, pp. 193-210Grubb, P.J., Whitmore, T.C., A comparison of montane and lowland rain forest in Ecuador. II. The climate and its effects on the distribution and physiognomy of the forests (1966) Journal of Ecology, 54, pp. 303-333Hamilton, L.S., Juvik, J.O., Scatena, F.N., The Puerto Rico tropical cloud forest symposium: Introduction and workshop synthesis (1995) Tropical montane cloud forests, pp. 1-23. , Hamilton LS, Juvik JO, Scatena FN. (eds.) New York, Springer-VerlagHill, M.O., Reciprocal averaging: An eigenvector method of ordination (1973) Journal of Ecology, 61, pp. 237-249Hueck, K., (1972) As Florestas da América do Sul, , Brasília, Editora da Universidade de BrasíliaJost, L., Entropy and diversity (2006) Oikos, 113, pp. 363-375Juvik, J.O., Nullet, D., Relationships between rainfall, cloud-water interception, and canopy throughfall in a Hawaiian montane forest (1995) Tropical montane cloud forests, pp. 165-182. , Hamilton LS, Juvik JO, Scatena FN. (eds.) New York, Springer-VerlagKelly, D.L., Tanner, E.V.J., Nic-Lughada, E.M., Kapos, V., Floristic and biogeography of a rain forest in the Venezuelan Andes (1994) Journal of Biogeography, 21, pp. 421-440King, R.M., Robinson, H., The genera of the Eupatoriae (Asteraceae). Monographs in Systematic Botany (1987) Missouri Botanical Garden, 22, pp. 1-581Kitayama, K., An altitudinal transect study of the vegetation on Mont Kinabalu, Borneo (1992) Vegetatio, 102, pp. 149-171Kitayama, K., Biophysical conditions of the montane cloud forests of Mount Kinabalu (1995) Tropical montane cloud forests, pp. 183-197. , Hamilton LS, Juvik JO, Scatena FN. (eds.) New York, Springer-VerlagKoehler, A., Galvão, F., Longhi, S.J., Floresta ombrófila densa altomontana: Aspectos florísticos e estruturais de diferentes trechos na Serra do Mar, PR (2002) Ciência Florestal, 12, pp. 27-39Landrum, L.R., A monograph of the genus Myrceugenia (Myrtaceae) (1981) Flora Neotropica, 29, pp. 1-137Lawton, R.O., Wind stress and elfin stature in a montane rain forest tree: An adaptive explanation (1982) American Journal of Botany, 69, pp. 1224-1230Lima, M.I.R.G., Souza, V.C., Rodrigues, R.R., Grossulariaceae (2005) Flora Fanerogâmica do Estado de São Paulo, 4, pp. 223-225. , Wanderley MGL, Shepherd GJ, Melhem TS, Giulietti AM. (eds.). São Paulo, Fapesp, RimaLuna-Vega, I., Morrone, J.J., Ayala, O.A., Organista, D.E., Biogeographical affinities among Neotropical cloud forests (2001) Plant Systematics and Evolution, 228, pp. 229-239Mabberley, D.J., (1998) The Plant-Book: A portable dictionary of the vascular plants, , 2nd. edn. Cambridge, Cambridge University PressMadsen, J.E., Ollgaard, B., Floristic composition, structure, and dynamics of an upper montane rain forest in Southern Ecuador (1994) Nordic Journal of Botany, 14, pp. 403-423Magurran, A.E., (1988) Ecological diversity and its measurement, , Princeton, Princeton University PressMartins, C.S., Caracterização física e fitogeográfica de Minas Gerais (2000) Lista vermelha das espécies ameaçadas de extinção da flora de Minas Gerais, pp. 35-43. , Mendonça MP, Lins LV. (eds.) Belo Horizonte, Fundação BiodiversitasMartins, F.R., Santos, F.A.M., (1999) Técnicas usuais de estimativa da biodiversidade, pp. 236-267. , Revista Holos, edição especialMcCune, B., Grace, J.B., (2002) Analysis of Ecological Communities, , Oregon, MjM Software DesignMeireles, L.D., Shepherd, G.J., Kinoshita, L.S., Variações na composição florística e na estrutura fitossociológica de uma floresta ombrófila densa alto-montana na Serra da Mantiqueira, Monte Verde, MG (2008) Revista Brasileira de Botânica, 31, pp. 559-574Meireles, L.D., (2009) Estudos florísticos, fitossociológicos e fitogeográficos em formações vegetacionais altimontanas da Serra da Mantiqueira Meridional, sudeste do Brasil, , PhD thesis, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, BrazilMerlin, M.D., Juvik, J.O., Montane cloud forest in tropical Pacific: Some aspects of their floristic, biogeography, ecology, and conservation (1995) Tropical montane cloud forests, pp. 234-253. , Hamilton LS, Juvik JO, Scatena FN. (eds.) New York, Springer-VerlagMuller-Dombois, D., Ellenberg, H., (1974) Aims and methods of vegetation ecology, , New York, John Wiley & SonsMüller, J., Systematics of Baccharis (Compositae-Astereae) in Bolivia, including an overview of the genus (2006) Systematic Botany Monographs, 6, pp. 1-341Nimer, E., Clima (1977) Geografia do Brasil: Região Sudeste, pp. 51-89. , Fundação Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (ed.) Rio de Janeiro, SERGRAFNimer, E., Clima (1977) Geografia do Brasil: Região Sul, pp. 35-79. , Fundação Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (ed.) Rio de Janeiro, SERGRAFOhsawa, M., Structural comparison of tropical montane rain forest along latitudinal and altitudinal gradients in south and east Asia (1991) Vegetatio, 97, pp. 1-10Oliveira, P.E., Behling, H., Ledru, M.P., Paleovegetação e paleoclimas do Quaternário do Brasil (2005) Quaternário do Brasil, pp. 52-74. , Souza CLG, Suguio K, Oliveira AMS, Oliveira PE. (eds.) Ribeirão Preto, HolosOliveira, R.S., Eller, C.B., Bittencourt, P.R.L., Mulligan, M., The hydroclimatic and ecophysiological basis of cloud forest distributions under current and projected climates (2014) Annals of Botany, 113, pp. 909-920Oliveira-Filho, A.T., Classificação das fitofisionomias da América do Sul Cisandina Tropical e Subtropical: Proposta de um novo sistema - prático e flexível - ou uma injeção a mais de caos? (2009) Rodriguésia, 60, pp. 237-258Oliveira-Filho, A.T., Fontes, M.A.L., Patterns of floristic differentiation among Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil and the influence of climate (2000) Biotropica, 32, pp. 793-810Pessenda, L.C.R., Oliveira, P.E., Moffato, M., The evolution of a tropical rainforest/grassland mosaic in southeastern Brazil since 28,000 14C yr BP based on carbone isotopes and pollen records (2009) Quaternary Reserch, 71, pp. 437-452Pohlman, C.L., Nicotra, A.B., Murray, B.R., Geographic range size, seedling ecophysiology and phenotypic plasticity in Australian Acacia species (2005) Journal of Biogeography, 32, pp. 341-351Portes, M.C.G.O., Galvão, F., A floresta alto-montana do sul do Brasil: Considerações climáticas, pedológicas e vegetacionais (2002) Cadernos de Biodiversidade, 3, pp. 44-50Punyasena, S.W., Eshel, G., McElwain, J.C., The influence of climate on the spatial pattern of Neotropical plant families (2008) Journal of Biogeography, 35, pp. 117-130Rambo, B., A flora de Cambará (1949) Anais Botânicos do Herbário Barbosa Rodrigues, 1, pp. 111-135Rocha, M.R.L., (1999) Caracterização fitossociológica e pedológica de uma floresta ombrófila densa altomontana no Parque Estadual Pico do Marumbi - Morretes, , PR. Msc Thesis, Universidade Federal do Paraná, BrazilRoderjan, C.V., (1994) A floresta ombrófila densa altomontana do Morro do Anhangava, Quatro Barras, PR - Aspectos Climáticos, Pedológicos e Fitossociológicos, , PhD Thesis, Universidade Federal do Paraná, BrazilRodrigues, R.R., Morellato, L.P.C., Joly, C.A., Leitão Filho, H.F., Estudo florístico e fitossociológico em um gradiente altitudinal de mata estacional mesófila semidecídua, na Serra do Japi, Jundiaí, SP (1989) Revista Brasileira de Botânica, 12, pp. 71-84Safford, H.D., Brazilian Páramos I. An introduction to the physical environment and vegetation of the campos de altitude (1999) Journal of Biogeography, 26, pp. 693-712Safford, H.D., Brazilian Páramos IV. Phytogeography of the campos de altitude (2007) Journal of Biogeography, 34, pp. 1701-1722Santos, I.S., Peixoto, A.L., Taxonomia do gênero Macropeplus Perkins (Monimiaceae, Monimoideae) (2005) Rodriguésia, 52, pp. 65-105Scarano, F.R., Structure, function and floristic relationships of plant communities in stressful habitats marginal to the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest (2002) Annals of Botany, 90, pp. 517-524Scheer, M.B., Mocochinsky, A.Y., Roderjan, C.V., Estrutura arbórea da Floresta Ombrófila Densa Altomontana de serras do Sul do Brasil (2011) Acta Botanica Brasilica, 25, pp. 735-750Segadas-Viana, F., Dau, L., Ecology of the Itatiaia Range, Southeastern Brazil: II- Climates and altitudinal climatic zonation (1965) Arquivos do Museu Nacional, 53, pp. 31-53Shepherd, G.J., (2006) FITOPAC 1. Manual do usuário, , Campinas, Departamento de Botânica, UNICAMPSilva, J.U.L.E., Leite, W.C.A., Distribuição do coeficiente de variação da pluviosidade na região oriental paulista (2000) Anais do XXVII Congresso Interamericano de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, pp. 1-8. , 2000, Porto Alegre-RS. Rio de Janeiro, ABESSleumer, H.O., Flacourtiaceae (1980) Flora Neotropica, 22, pp. 1-499Smith, C.E., Smith, L.B., Elaeocarpaceae (1970) Flora Ilustrada Catarinense., , Reitz R. (ed.) Itajaí, Herbário Barbosa RodriguesSoderstrom, T.R., Judziewicz, E.J., Clarck, L.G., Distribution patterns of neotropical bamboos (1987) Proceedings of a Workshop on Neotropical Distribution Patterns, pp. 121-157. , Vanzolini PE, Heyer WR. (eds.) Rio de Janeiro, Academia Brasileira de CiênciasStadtmüller, T., (1987) Cloud forests in the humid tropics. A bibliographic review, , Costa Rica, United Nations University & Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación EnseñanzaStern, M.J., Goodell, K., Kennard, D.K., Local distribution of Chusquea tomentosa (Poaceae:Bambusoideae) before and after a flowering event (1999) Biotropica, 31, pp. 365-368Tubelis, A., Nascimento, F.J.L., (1980) Meteorologia descritiva: Fundamentos e aplicações brasileiras, , São Paulo, NobelUNESCO-United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, International classification and mapping of vegetation (1973) Ecology and conservation 6., , UNESCO (ed.). Paris, UNESCOVeloso, H.P., Sistema Fitogeográfico (1992) Manual Técnico da Vegetação Brasileira, pp. 9-38. , Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (ed.) Rio de Janeiro, IBGEVeloso, H., Góes-Filho, L., Fitogeografia brasileira: Classificação fisionômico-ecológica da vegetação neotropical (1982) Boletim Técnico do Projeto RADAMBRASIL (Série Vegetação), 1, pp. 3-79Whitmore, T.C., Burnham, C.P., (1984) Tropical rain forests of the Far East, , 2nd. edn. Oxford, Oxford University PressWright, S.J., Plant diversity in tropical forests: A review of mechanisms of species coexistence (2002) Oecologia, 130, pp. 1-14Yamamoto, L.F., Kinoshita, L.S., Martins, F.R., Florística dos componentes arbóreo e arbustivo de um trecho da Floresta Estacional Semidecídua Montana, município de Pedreira, estado de São Paulo (2005) Revista Brasileira de Botânica, 28, pp. 191-2002Zar, J.H., (1999) Biostatiscal analysis, , 4th. edn. New Jersey, Prentice-Hal