Resistance training with soy vs whey protein supplements in hyperlipidemic males

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Most individuals at risk for developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) can reduce risk factors through diet and exercise before resorting to drug treatment. The effect of a combination of resistance training with vegetable-based (soy) versus animal-based (whey) protein supplementation on CVD risk reduction has received little study. The study's purpose was to examine the effects of 12 weeks of resistance exercise training with soy versus whey protein supplementation on strength gains, body composition and serum lipid changes in overweight, hyperlipidemic men.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Twenty-eight overweight, male subjects (BMI 25–30) with serum cholesterol >200 mg/dl were randomly divided into 3 groups (placebo (n = 9), and soy (n = 9) or whey (n = 10) supplementation) and participated in supervised resistance training for 12 weeks. Supplements were provided in a double blind fashion.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>All 3 groups had significant gains in strength, averaging 47% in all major muscle groups and significant increases in fat free mass (2.6%), with no difference among groups. Percent body fat and waist-to-hip ratio decreased significantly in all 3 groups an average of 8% and 2%, respectively, with no difference among groups. Total serum cholesterol decreased significantly, again with no difference among groups.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Participation in a 12 week resistance exercise training program significantly increased strength and improved both body composition and serum cholesterol in overweight, hypercholesterolemic men with no added benefit from protein supplementation.</p

Serotonin and GI Disorders: An Update on Clinical and Experimental Studies

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the largest producer of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)) in the body, and as such it is intimately connected with GI function and physiology. 5-HT produced by enterochromaffin (EC) cells is an important enteric mucosal signaling molecule and has been implicated in a number of GI diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease and functional disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome. This review will focus on what is known of basic 5-HT physiology and also on the emerging evidence for its novel role in activation of immune response and inflammation in the gut. Utilizing pubmed.gov, search terms such as “5-HT,” “EC cell,” and “colitis,” as well as pertinent reviews, were used to develop a brief overview of EC cell biology and the association between 5-HT and various GI disorders. It is the aim of this review to provide the readers with an update on EC cell biology and current understanding on the role of 5-HT in GI disorders specifically in inflammatory conditions

Role of the Transcriptional Corepressor Bcor in Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation and Early Embryonic Development

Bcor (BCL6 corepressor) is a widely expressed gene that is mutated in patients with X-linked Oculofaciocardiodental (OFCD) syndrome. BCOR regulates gene expression in association with a complex of proteins capable of epigenetic modification of chromatin. These include Polycomb group (PcG) proteins, Skp-Cullin-F-box (SCF) ubiquitin ligase components and a Jumonji C (Jmjc) domain containing histone demethylase. To model OFCD in mice and dissect the role of Bcor in development we have characterized two loss of function Bcor alleles. We find that Bcor loss of function results in a strong parent-of-origin effect, most likely indicating a requirement for Bcor in extraembryonic development. Using Bcor loss of function embryonic stem (ES) cells and in vitro differentiation assays, we demonstrate that Bcor plays a role in the regulation of gene expression very early in the differentiation of ES cells into ectoderm, mesoderm and downstream hematopoietic lineages. Normal expression of affected genes (Oct3/4, Nanog, Fgf5, Bmp4, Brachyury and Flk1) is restored upon re-expression of Bcor. Consistent with these ES cell results, chimeric animals generated with the same loss of function Bcor alleles show a low contribution to B and T cells and erythrocytes and have kinked and shortened tails, consistent with reduced Brachyury expression. Together these results suggest that Bcor plays a role in differentiation of multiple tissue lineages during early embryonic development

NO EFFECT OF CARBOHYDRATE MOUTH RINSING ON CYCLING TIME-TRIAL PERFORMANCE IN THE FED OR FASTED STATE

Brian S. Snyder1 & Mark D. Haub2 1Truman State University, Kirksville, MO 2Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS It has been reported that carbohydrate mouth rinsing during short (~1-hr) high intensity cycling events can have an ergogenic effect. However, the nutritional status of the participant prior to the exercise bout may influence the capacity of carbohydrate mouth rinse to produce an ergogenic effect. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of carbohydrate mouth rinsing on cycling performance during a 1-hr time trial in the fasted or fed state. METHODS: Twelve endurance-trained athletes (male n=10, female n=2) participated in 4 performance trails using a double-blinded Latin square design. After a wattmax test and familiarization protocol two of the trials were conducted after a 10-hr fast and two of the trials were conducted 2-hrs after a standard breakfast. Participants rinsed their mouth immediately before and every 7.5 minutes of the performance test with either a 6.4% maltodextrin-lemon juice solution (C) or 0% maltodextrin-lemon juice solution (P) and then expectorated. RESULTS: There was no significant difference (p \u3e 0.5) between treatments in distance covered (27.5 ± 3.1 km [FastC], 27.8 ± 3.0 km [FedC], 28.1 ± 2.5 km [FedP], and 27.4 ± 3.2 km [FastP]), average watts, heart rate, or rating of perceived exertion. CONCLUSION: We conclude that carbohydrate mouth rinsing was not ergogenic in the fasted or fed state in endurance-trained cyclists

Acute L-glutamine Ingestion Does Not Improve Maximal Effort Exercise

Background. L-glutamine (GLN) may have an ergogenic effect during exercise considering its base generating potential, We attempted to determine whether GLN ingestion influences acid-base balance and improves high intensity exercise performance, Method. Ten trained males performed five exercise bouts on a cycle ergometer at 100% of (V) over dotO(2)peak. The first four bouts were 60 sec in duration, while the fifth bout was continued to fatigue. Each bout was separated by 60 sec of recovery. The exercise bouts were initiated 90 min after ingesting 0.03 g.kg body mass(-1) of either GLN or placebo (PLC). Venous blood samples were collected pre-ingestion (PRE-IN), pre-exercise (PRE-ES), and following bouts four (B4) and five (B5) and analyzed for pH, bicarbonate concentration (HCO3), and lactate concentration (La-). Time to fatigue for B5 was used as a performance measure. Results. pH, [HCO3], and [La-] were not significantly different (p\u3e0.05) between conditions for PRE-IN, PRE-EX, B4, and B5. Time to fatigue was not significantly different between conditions and averaged 263.4+/-24.5 sec and 263.2+/-19.4 sec for the GLN and PLC trials, respectively, Conclusions. These data indicate that acute ingestion of L-glutamine does not enhance either buffering potential or high intensity exercise performance in trained males

60 MINUTES OF MODERATE-INTENSITY WALKING IMPROVES FASTING INSULIN SENSITIVITY IN OVERWEIGHT NON-DIABETIC MEN

Sam R. Emerson1, Mark D. Haub1, Brian S. Snyder2, Stephanie P. Kurti1 & Sara K. Rosenkranz1 1Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas; 2Truman State University, Kirksville, Missouri Insulin resistance is associated with inflammation and both are thought to be precursors to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Acute exercise can transiently attenuate insulin resistance and reduce systemic inflammation, however, the necessary exercise dose to produce improvements in inactive, non-insulin-resistant individuals is unclear. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the exercise dose required to improve insulin sensitivity and inflammation in non-diabetic overweight men. We expected to see a dose-response relationship between exercise duration and insulin sensitivity and an association between insulin sensitivity and systemic inflammation. METHODS: In a randomized cross-over design, 11 inactive overweight men (BMI = 25-35 kg/m2) completed three trials: two exercise trials (brisk walk on a treadmill at 60% peak oxygen uptake [VO2peak] for 30 and 60 minutes; EX30 and EX60, respectively) and a control trial (60 minutes of passive activity; CON). Following a 12-hour overnight fast, a 10 mL blood sample was taken via indwelling catheter. Metabolic and inflammatory markers collected in the sample included plasma glucose, insulin, C-peptide, IL-6, IL-4, IL-10, IL-1ra, and TNF-alpha. Insulin resistance was determined via homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR). RESULTS: All individual values in CON were normal with regard to HOMA-IR (100 mg/dL). HOMA-IR was significantly lower following EX60 (0.58 ± 0.30) compared to CON (1.48 ± 1.12; p0.05) compared to CON or EX60. Plasma insulin was significantly lower after EX30 (3.85 ± 2.41 mU/L; p0.05) between trials for plasma glucose (CON: 5.21 ± 0.32; EX30: 5.03 ± 0.32; EX60: 4.86 ± 0.46 mmol/L). C-peptide was higher in CON (704.0 ± 497.8 pg/mL) compared to EX30 (399.7 ± 155.0 pg/mL; p0.05) between trials for IL-6, IL-4, IL-10, IL-1ra, or TNF-alpha. CONCLUSION: Thirty minutes of moderate-intensity walking was insufficient to improve insulin sensitivity twelve hours after exercise in a group of overweight, non-diabetic men. Sixty minutes of moderate-intensity activity, however, was effective in improving insulin sensitivity, but had no effect on markers of systemic inflammation. (This work was supported by grant #0460017Z from the American Heart Association.

DOES VO2peak MODERATE THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN DIETARY FAT INTAKE AND POST-PRANDIAL FAT OXIDATION?

Colby S. Teeman1, Brooke J. Cull1, Stephanie P. Kurti2, Sam R. Emerson1, Mark D. Haub1 & Sara K. Rosenkranz1 1Department of Human Nutrition, 2Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas Previous evidence suggests individuals with low resting fat oxidation rates may be more prone to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Both exercise training and a high-fat diet are known to independently increase fat oxidation. It is currently unclear whether examining these two lifestyle factors simultaneously might moderate the resultant post-prandial (PP) fat oxidation. PUPROSE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether VO2peak moderates the association between dietary fat intake and PP fat oxidation following a high-fat meal. METHODS: Twenty-nine healthy young adults (17 M, aged 19-38 yrs) of varying aerobic capacities (VO2peak=49.4±11.1 ml/kg/min) were randomized to either a moderate-intensity walking (EX, energy expenditure 50% of breakfast kcals) or a sedentary condition. In the EX condition, walking was performed 60min PP. After an overnight fast, all participants consumed a high-fat breakfast (65% fat, 10 kcal/kgbw). Resting metabolic rate was assessed immediately after, and 200min following, consumption of the high-fat meal. Assessments included dietary fat via 3-day food log, VO2peak with a treadmill ramp protocol to exhaustion, indirect calorimetry with a ventilated hood system to determine fat oxidation at 0min and 200min PP, and %body fat via DEXA. RESULTS: Dietary fat intake was 798.6±235.4 kcal/day. Fat oxidation at baseline was not different from 200min PP (47.9±16.4 vs. 50.7±17.8 kcal/hr, p\u3e0.05). There was a significant correlation between dietary fat intake and 200min PP fat oxidation (r=0.37, p2peak and 200min PP fat oxidation (r=0.62, p2peak on the association between dietary fat intake and PP fat oxidation revealed no significant moderation (ΔR2=0.007, p=0.60). A subsequent linear regression, including VO2peak, dietary fat intake,%body fat, baseline fat oxidation, and energy balance PP (kcals); predicted 79% of the variance in PP fat oxidation (adjusted R2= 0.79, pCONCLUSION: VO2peak did not moderate the association between dietary fat intake and PP fat oxidation. When examining additional factors thought to be associated with fat oxidation, however, 79% of the variance in PP fat oxidation could be explained. These results indicate that post-prandial fat oxidation is a complex process with multiple contributing factors