Developmental expression of the calcium-activated chloride channels TMEM16A and TMEM16B in the mouse olfactory epithelium

Calcium-activated chloride channels are involved in several physiological processes including olfactory perception. TMEM16A and TMEM16B, members of the transmembrane protein 16 family (TMEM16), are responsible for calcium-activated chloride currents in several cells. Both are present in the olfactory epithelium of adult mice, but little is known about their expression during embryonic development. Using immunohistochemistry we studied their expression in the mouse olfactory epithelium at various stages of prenatal development from embryonic day (E) 12.5 to E18.5 as well as in postnatal mice. At E12.5, TMEM16A immunoreactivity was present at the apical surface of the entire olfactory epithelium, but from E16.5 became restricted to a region near the transition zone with the respiratory epithelium, where localized at the apical part of supporting cells and in their microvilli. In contrast, TMEM16B immunoreactivity was present at E14.5 at the apical surface of the entire olfactory epithelium, increased in subsequent days, and localized to the cilia of mature olfactory sensory neurons. These data suggest different functional roles for TMEM16A and TMEM16B in the developing as well as in the postnatal olfactory epithelium. The presence of TMEM16A at the apical part and in microvilli of supporting cells is consistent with a role in the regulation of the chloride ionic composition of the mucus covering the apical surface of the olfactory epithelium, whereas the localization of TMEM16B to the cilia of mature olfactory sensory neurons is consistent with a role in olfactory signal transduction

A Case Report on the Restoration of Piercing Hole of Ear Through Ksharakarma

Ornaments are the marker of culture, tradition, status, passion and personality. Sometimes those heavy ornaments cause trauma and recurrent infection in the piercing-hole of ear, which may lead to enlargement of the piercing hole. To restore the, enlarged piercing hole; in Ayurved we have techniques like scraping and suturing of the piercing-hole edges, which is also practiced by modern advanced surgery. Kshara (alkali) is an Anushashtra; it performs the Lekhana (scraping), Chhedana (excision), Bhedana (incision), Ropana (healing) and also ceases the bleeding.  Because of these properties, Kshara can also be used to restore the enlarged piercing-hole of ear. The Kshara causes ulceration of the piercing-edges and induces healing through the inflammation, proliferation and remodeling phases. There were inflammation, secretion and gradually the piercing hole healed. Based on this concept, we have tried to restore the piercing hole of the ear through Ksharakarma and an ideal protocol is made for this procedure

Traditional remedies for fertility regulation

Plants have been used worldwide for treatment of various human ailments since antiquity. Their use is still quite prevalent in developing countries in the form of traditional/ olkloric system of medicine. Intensive chemical and pharmacological studies on traditional/folkloric medicinal plants during the last 5 decades have led to the validation of traditional claims in many cases and facilitated identification of their active principles. The active principles have provided leads in the development of several life saving drugs, which are in clinical use today. A large number of these plants are used for birth control in different countries. The present review has, therefore, been planned to provide an account of the investigations carried out on traditional/ folkloric plants used for fertility regulation. The status of scientific validations of their antifertility potential and identification of active principles during the last 28 years are discussed. The literature survey shows that approximately 318 different plants are in traditional/folkloric use worldwide, of which 227 plants are of Indian origin. So far, 74 plants have been screened for their anti-fertility potential, 48 of them have been found to be effective. Active principles of about 15 plants have been identified during the period under review

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Not AvailableMicromorphological studies of 22 thin sections of seven benchmark Vertisols, formed mostly in the alluvium of the Deccan Trap basalt in humid tropical (HT), sub-humid moist (SHM), sub-humid dry (SHD), semi-arid moist (SAM), semi-arid dry (SAD) and arid dry (AD) climatic zones, were undertaken. An attempt has been made to understand the possible reasons for their differences in plasmic fabric and CaCO3 despite their common shrink–swell properties as evidenced by the presence of slickensides and high clay content. Soils of HT climate indicated strong plasma separation with poro/parallel/ granostriated b-fabric. Soils of SHM climate indicated strong plasma separation with parallel/reticulate/ crescent striated with some stipple-speckled b-fabric whereas soils of SHD climate indicated mostly crystallitic and stipple-speckled with some granostriated b-fabric. Soils of SAM indicated mostly crystallitic and mosaic-speckled with some parallel/granostriated b-fabric whereas soils of SAD climate showed primarily mosaic/ stipple-speckled with some parallel/granostriated b-fabric. Soils of AD climate showed primarily crystallitic with some granostriated b-fabric. It was observed that plasma separation is more pronounced around grains and in voids in all soils of HT, SHM, SHD, SAM and SAD climates. Poor plasma separation in the soils of AD climate can be attributed to weak swelling of clay smectite which is sufficient for the development of slickensides but not adequate for the development of poro/parallel striated b-fabric. Study indicated that all the soils have variable quantity of discrete calcium carbonate glaebules with and without Fe/Mn coating. The former is non-pedogenic CaCO3 (NPC) and the latter form is pedogenic (PC). All the soils under study except one of HT climate in Western India have both NPC and PC in the upper 100 cm of the profile. In general the content of PC increases with decrease in mean annual rainfall (MAR) and shows an higher values than NPC. The nearness between NPC and PC indicates the formation of PC at the expense of NPC. But the soils of AD climate have significant amount of calcite crystals which were absent in soils of other climates. This indicates that plasma separation is weak and in a state of disorganization in soils of AD climates. High clay content induces cracks and distinctive structural elements in the major body of Vertisols but their b-fabric are not identical in the Bss horizons. The gradual degradation of plasma separation in soils from HT to AD climates appears to be related to the presence of CaCO3 that was thought hitherto to inhibit the swelling. But the release amount of Ca+2 ions from CaCO3 in alkaline environment of Vertisols is negligible and unable to contract the diffuse double layer required for swelling of smectite. This may thus be attributed to less number of swell-shrink cycles due to low content of stored moisture.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableIn tew of diverse understanding on the movement and accumulation of clay particles in 1 ertisols, it study on seven benchmark calcareous Vertisols representing a climosequence from sub-humid moist to arid dry climate was undertaken. The Vertisols have clay enriched slickensided horizons (B.ss) (>8% absolute increase from the eluvial horizon). The study indicates that the clay enrichment in the Bss horizons due to illuviation of clay particles and their subsequent accumulation in the Bss horizons have been possible because of the dispersion of the clay particles caused by me and Na' ions when precipitation of soluble Ca' ions as calcium carbonate (CaCO3) occurs. The formation of CaCO3 and the illuviation of clay are two pedogenetic processes occurring simultaneously as comtemporary pedogenic events in drier climate since the late Holocene. Thus, the argilliturbation towards proisotropic pedoturbation has not been able to overtake the clay illuviation in Vertisols under study for thousands of years.Not Availabl

Urinary tract anti-infectious potential of DFT-experimental composite analyzed ruthenium nitrosyl complex of N-dehydroacetic acid-thiosemicarbazide

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are counted among serious health problems affecting large number of people each year. UTIs are the second most common infections. This paper reports the synthesis of a novel nitrosyl complex of Ru(II) that has been found effective against some selected gram negative bacteria, E. coli and Pseudomonas. It has been found that the activity was pronounced more against Pseudomonas than E. coli. Hence, the complex may be seen effective agent against UTI. On characterizing the complex by virtue of combined experimental-DFT scope, a suitable octahedral structure has been suggested. Molecular specification under B3LYP functional, LanL2DZ basis set for Ru atom and 6–31g(d,p) for all other atoms were employed. Electron density plots and geometrical optimization were the main theoretical insights. Elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, NMR, FT-IR, UV-vis, cyclic voltammetry and TGA were the characterization techniques made comparable to computed data. From overall study it may be culminated that both the experimental and theoretical outcomes have been found in good agreement with each other. Keywords: DFT, Ru(II), NO, UT