Efeito de sistemas de manejo de solo e de rotação de culturas na fertilidade do solo, após vinte anos Soil tillage and crop rotation systems on soil fertility attributes after twenty years

No Brasil, ainda são escassos os estudos disponíveis com experimentos de longa duração em sistemas de manejo de solo e de rotação de culturas. Após vinte anos (1985 a 2005), a fertilidade de solo foi avaliada, em Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico, em Passo Fundo (RS), em quatro sistemas de manejo de solo (SMSs) - 1) plantio direto (PD), 2) cultivo mínimo (CM), 3) preparo convencional de solo com arado de discos e com grade de discos (PCD) e 4) preparo convencional de solo com arado de aivecas e com grade de discos (PCA) - e em três sistemas de rotação de culturas (SRCs): I (trigo/soja), II (trigo/soja e ervilhaca/milho) e III (trigo/soja, ervilhaca/milho e aveia branca/soja), incluindo como testemunha um fragmento adjacente de floresta subtropical (FST). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos completos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas e três repetições. As parcelas (4 x 90 m) no total de 12, foram constituídas pelos SMSs, e as subparcelas, pelos SRCs (4 x 10 m), no total de 72. Os valores de pH, carbono, P extraível e K disponível diferiram entre os SMSs. No PD, houve acúmulo de carbono orgânico, P e K, na camada superficial. Não houve diferença do nível de matéria orgânica (MOS) entre PD e FST, em todas as camadas estudadas. O nível de MOS e os teores de P e K foram mais elevados na camada 0-0,05 m, quando comparados com os observados de 0,15-0,20 m de profundidade, sob PD e nas rotações II e III. Observou-se que em FST os valores de pH, Ca, P e de K foram menores do que os dos SMSs e SRCs.<br>Long term field studies on crop rotation and soil tillage systems under Brazilian conditions are scarce. Soil fertility characteristics were assessed after twenty years (1985 to 2005) on a typical dystrophic Red Latosol located in Passo Fundo, in Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost state of Brazil. Four soil tillage systems (STS) - 1) no-tillage, 2) minimum tillage, 3) conventional tillage using disk plow followed by disk harrow, and 4) conventional tillage using moldboard plow followed by disk harrow - and three crop rotation systems (CRS): I (wheat/soybean), II (wheat/soybean and common vetch/corn), and III (wheat/soybean, common vetch/corn, and white oat/soybean) were evaluated, including as check a fragment of subtropical forest (FST). A randomized complete block design, with split-plots and three replicates, was used. The main field plots (4 x 90 m) in a total of 12, were the soil tillage systems, whereas the subplots (4 x 10 m), in a total of 72 comprised the crop rotation systems. Values of soil pH, soil organic carbon, extractable P, and exchangeable K were affected by soil tillage systems (STSs). Higher levels of soil organic matter and contents of soil carbon, extractable P, and exchangeable K were observed in the 0-0,05 m layer for the no-tillage system. No statistical differences were found in soil organic matter levels between no-tillage and tropical forest, in any soil layer. Values of soil organic matter, P, and K were higher in the 0-0,05 m layer, when compared to the ones observed in the 0,15-0,20 m layer, in no-tillage and II and III CRSs. Values of pH, Ca, P, and K observed in all STSs and CRSs were higher than in the tropical forest area

Disponibilidade de nutrientes e teor de matéria orgânica em função de sistemas de cultivo e de manejo de solo Nutrient availability and organic matter content as affected by cropping systems and soil management

Sistemas de cultivo e de manejo de solo podem alterar as propriedades químicas do solo. Após oito anos (1985 a 1993), a fertilidade do solo foi avaliada, num Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico, em Passo Fundo, RS, em quatro sistemas de manejo do solo: 1) semeadura direta (SD); 2) cultivo mínimo (CM); 3) preparo convencional do solo com arado e grade de discos (PCD); e 4) preparo convencional do solo com arado de aivecas e grade de discos (PCA), e em três sistemas de cultivo: sistema I (trigo/soja), sistema II (trigo/soja e ervilhaca/milho) e sistema III (trigo/soja, ervilhaca/milho e aveia branca/soja). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos completos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas, e três repetições. A parcela principal (4 x 90m) foi constituída pelos sistemas de manejo do solo e a subparcelas (4 x 10m), pelos sistemas de cultivo. Os valores de pH, Al, Ca + Mg trocáveis, matéria orgânica (MO), P extraível e K disponível diferiram entre os sistemas de manejo e de cultivo do solo. Os teores de MO, P e K, na camada 0-5cm, foram mais elevados nos sistemas conservacionistas (CM e SD) em relação àqueles observados nos preparos convencionais do solo (PCD e PCA). Os valores de MO, P e K foram mais elevados na camada 0-5 cm, quando comparada com a observada de 15 a 20cm de profundidade, em todos os sistemas de manejo e cultivo do solo.<br>Cropping systems and soil managment can change soil chemical properties. Soil fertility characteriscs were assessed after eight years (1985 to 1993) on a typical dystrophic red latosol located in Passo Fundo, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Four soil management systems - 1) no-tillage, 2) minimum tillage, 3) conventional tillage using a disk plow plus disk harrow, and 4) conventional tillage using a moldboard plow plus disk harrow - and three cropping systems [I (wheat/soybean), II (wheat/soybean and common vetch/corn), and III (wheat/soybean, common vetch/corn and white oat/soybean)] were evaluated. A randomized complete block design, with split-plots and three replicates, was used. The main field plots (4 x 90m) were formed by soil management systems, while the subplots (4 x 10m) consisted of crop systems. The pH and concentration of exchangeable Al, exchangeable Ca + Mg, soil organic matter, extractable P, and exchangeable K were affected by soil management and cropping systems. Higher contents of soil organic matter, extractable P, and exchangeable K were observed in the 0-5cm layer for the conservation tillage systems (minimum tillage and no-tillage), as compared to the conventional tillage systems (disk plow and moldboard plow). The values of soil organic matter, P, and K were higher in the 0-5 cm layer, when compared to the ones observed in the 15-20cm layer, in all soil management and cropping systems