Born Again: A Review of Harry Jaffa\u27s \u3cem\u3eA New Birth of Freedom\u3c/em\u3e and \u3cem\u3eCrisis of the House Divided\u3c/em\u3e

Through the publication of Crisis of the House Divided, Harry Jaffa made a critical contribution to the understanding of Abraham Lincoln, the Civil War, and the transcendent principles of the American regime. In his long-awaited A New Birth of Freedom, Jaffa builds upon his earlier work by expanding the scope of his study beyond the time period immediately preceding the Civil War to include the entire antebellum period in American history. This expansion leads to a thorough analysis of not only Abraham Lincoln but also of such important figures as Thomas Jefferson and John C. Calhoun. The author synthesizes Jaffa\u27s works, thereby enhancing their content by revealing the way in which each benefits from the other while remaining distinct in themselves. In addition, by focusing not only upon the books being reviewed, the author provides valuable insight into Jaffa\u27s own contributions to our understanding of the American regime

Neural effects of muscle stretching on the spinal reflexes in multiple lower-limb muscles

While previous studies have shown that muscle stretching suppresses monosynaptic spinal reflex excitability in stretched muscles, its effects on non-stretched muscles is still largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of muscle stretching on monosynaptic spinal reflex in non-stretched muscles. Ten healthy male subjects participated in this study. Muscle stretching of the right triceps surae muscle was performed using a motor torque device for 1 minute. Three different dorsiflexion torques (at approximately 5, 10, and 15 Nm) were applied during muscle stretching. Spinal reflexes evoked by transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation were recorded in both the lower-limb muscles before, during, and at 0 and 5 min following muscle stretching. The amplitudes of the spinal reflexes in both the stretched and non-stretched muscles in the right (ipsilateral) leg were smaller during stretching compared to before, and at 0 and 5 min after stretching. Furthermore, the degree of reduction in the amplitude of the spinal reflexes in the right (ipsilateral) leg muscles increased significantly as the dorsiflexion torque (i.e., stretching of the right triceps surae muscles) increased. In contrast, reduction in the amplitude of the spinal reflexes with increasing dorsiflexion torque was not seen in the left (contralateral) leg muscles. Our results clearly indicate that muscle stretching has inhibitory effects on monosynaptic spinal reflexes, not only in stretched muscles, but also in non-stretched muscles of the ipsilateral leg

Propagation characteristics of ESD-induced electromagnetic pulses measured using optical E-field sensor

This paper describes the propagation characteristics of electromagnetic pulses induced by electrostatic discharge (ESD) in the far field. ESD energy spectra measured with an electric field sensor using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer are analyzed for the frequency band DC-1 GHz by short-time Fourier transform (STFT). Analytical results show that ESD energy in high frequency band (100 MHz-1 GHz) decrease more rapidly in proportion to the distance from a source point.1999 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, May 17-21, 1999, Surugadai Memorial Hall, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japa

メディア統合無線アクセスアーキテクチャに関する基礎研究

University of Tokyo (東京大学

Effects of Aquatic Pole Walking on the Reduction of Spastic Hypertonia in a Patient with Hemiplegia: A Case Study

Here we report an acute effect of aquatic pole walking (PW) training intervention on a 64-year-old male patient with chronic hemiparesis and symptoms of spasticity in the right lower limb. A comparison of over ground walking before and after 20 minutes of aquatic PW training revealed a significant improvement in gait performance. As a main result, the average speed of walking after the intervention was 0.16 m/s after the intervention as compared to 0.04 m/s in the initial condition. The time taken for each stride cycle was drastically decreased, mainly due to shortening of the stance time. Underlying the improved gait performance was the emergence of functional muscle activity in the paralyzed and spastic leg muscles. The result observed in this patient should be further tested among a large population of patients presenting similar symptoms. Moreover, the basic mechanisms underlying aquatic PW intervention should be further elucidated

Generation of High-Purity Millimeter-Wave Orbital Angular Momentum Modes Using Horn Antenna: Theory and Implementation

Twisted electromagnetic waves, of which the helical phase front is called orbital angular momentum (OAM), have been recently explored for quantum information, high speed communication and radar detections. In this context, generation of high purity waves carrying OAM is of great significance and challenge from low frequency band to optical area. Here, a novel strategy of mode combination method is proposed to generate twisted waves with arbitrary order of OAM index. The higher order mode of a circular horn antenna is used to generate the twisted waves with quite high purity. The proposed strategy is verified with theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and experiments. A circular horn antenna operating at millimeter wave band is designed, fabricated, and measured. Two twisted waves with OAM index of l=+1 and l=-1 with a mode purity as high as 87% are obtained. Compared with the other OAM antennas, the antenna proposed here owns a high antenna gain (over 12 dBi) and wide operating bandwidth (over 15%). The high mode purity, high antenna gain and wide operating band make the antenna suitable for the twisted-wave applications, not only in the microwave and millimeter wave band, but also in the terahertz band.Comment: 18 pages, 9 figure