Effect of culture media and physical factors on growth and sporulation of Alternaria dauci and A. solani

Alternaria dauci e Alternaria solani são espécies / 24 h). O método desenvolvido neste trabalho foi comparado ao reconhecidamente difíceis de esporular em meios de cultura. Este tradicionalmente utilizado (BDA, 25 ºC, 12 h luz branca / 12 h trabalho teve o objetivo de verificar a influência de alguns meios escuro e raspagem da colônia). O meio V8-ágar, temperatura de 25 de cultura e fatores fisicos sobre o crescimento micelial e a ºC, luz NUV e raspagem das colônias exerceram influência mais esporulação dessas espécies. Testaram-se os meios de cultura BDA, marcante no crescimento e esporulação. O fotoperíodo 12 h luz NUV Aveia e V8; temperaturas (15ºC, 20ºC, 25ºC, 30ºC e 35ºC) / 12 h escuro foi o que mais estimulou a esporulação. Observou-se que, comprimentos de onda da luz durante a incubação (amarelo, azul, de modo geral, períodos de escuro maiores que os períodos de luz, branco, NUV, verde e vermelho); tipos de injúria aplicados à aplicados após injúria da colônia, favoreceram a esporulação. O colônia (raspagem, UV, irradiação de microondas, e temperatura método desenvolvido mostrou-se nitidamente superior ao de 100 ºC) e fotoperíodos (luz / escuro, respectivamente, de 24 h tradicionalmente utilizado, para crescimento e esporulação de ambas / 0 h, 22 h / 2 h, 17 h / 7 h, 12 h / 12 h, 7 h / 17 h, 2 h / 22 e 0 h as espécies.Alternaria dauci and A. solani are fungal species known for h and 0 h / 24 h) were tested. The method developed in this study was difficult sporulation in culture media. This study had the objective of compared to the traditional procedure (BDA, 25 ºC, 12 h white / 12 verifying the influence of some physical factors on mycelia growth h dark light and scratching of the colony). V8-agar medium, and sporulation of these two species. Culture media (BDA, oat and temperature of 25 ºC, NUV light and scratching of the colonies had a V8), temperature (15ºC, 20ºC, 25ºC, 30ºC and 35ºC), light wavelengths marked effect on growth and sporulation. The 12 h light / 12 h dark during incubation (yellow, blue, white, NUV, green, and red), injury photoperiod stimulated sporulation most. In general, longer dark types applied to the colony (scratching, UV, microwave irradiation, than light periods after the injury of the colony favored sporulation. and temperature of 100 ºC) and photoperiods (light / dark, respectively, The developed procedure is clearly superior to the traditional method of 24 h / 0 h, 22 h / 2 h, 17 h / 7 h, 12 h / 12 h, 7 h / 17 h, 2 h / 22 for growth and sporulation of both species

Preservation of Phakopsora pachyrhizi uredospores

This study compared different temperatures and dormancy-reversion procedures for preservation of Phakopsora pachyrhizi uredospores. The storage temperatures tested were room temperature, 5 degrees C, -20 degrees C and -80 degrees C. Dehydrated and non-dehydrated uredospores were used, and evaluations for germination (%) and infectivity (no. of lesions/cm(2)) were made with fresh harvested spores and after 15, 29 76, 154 and 231 days of storage. The dormancy-reversion procedures evaluated were thermal shock (40 degrees C/5 min) followed or not by hydration (moist chamber,24 h). Uredospores stored at room temperature were viable only up to a month of storage, regardless of their hydration condition. Survival of uredospores increased with storage at lower temperatures. Dehydration of uredospores prior to storage increased their viability, mainly for uredospores stored at 5 degrees C, -20 degrees C and -80 degrees C. At 5 degrees C and -20 degrees C, dehydrated uredospores showed increases in viability of at least 47 and 127 days, respectively, compared to non-dehydrated spores. Uredospore germination and infectivity after storage for 231 days (7.7 months), could only be observed at -80 degrees C, for both hydration conditions. At this storage temperature, dehydrated and non-dehydrated uredospores exhibited 56 and 28% of germination at the end of the experiment, respectively. Storage at -80 degrees C also maintained uredospore infectivity, based upon levels of Infection frequency, for both hydration conditions. Among the dormancy-reversion treatments applied to spores stored at -80 degrees C, those involving hydration allowed recoveries of 85 to 92% of the initial germination

Prepenetration Stages of Guignardia psidii in Guava: Effects of Temperature, Wetness Duration and Fruit Age

This study examined the effects of temperature and wetness duration in vitro and in vivo as well as the effects of fruit age on germination and appressoria formation by conidia of Guignardia psidii, the causal agent of black spot disease in guava fruit. The temperatures tested for in vitro and in vivo experiments were 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 degrees C. The wetness periods studied were 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h in vitro and 6, 12 and 24 h in vivo. Fruit 10, 35, 60, 85 and 110-days old were inoculated and maintained at 25 degrees C, with a wetness period of 24 h. Temperature and wetness duration affected the variables evaluated in vitro and in vivo. All variables reached their maximum values at between 25 and 30 degrees C with a wetness duration of 24 h in vivo and 48 h in vitro. These conditions resulted in 31.3% conidia germination, 33.6% appressoria formation and 32.5% appressoria melanization in vitro, and 50.4% conidia germination and 9.5% appressoria formation in vivo. Fruit age also influenced these factors. As fruit age increased, conidia germination and appressoria formation gradually increased. Conidia germination and appressoria formation were 10.8% and 2.3%, respectively, in 10-day-old fruits. In 110-day-old fruits, conidia germination and appressoria formation were 42.5% and 23.2% respectively

GEITLERINEMA SPECIES (OSCILLATORIALES, CYANOBACTERIA) REVEALED BY CELLULAR MORPHOLOGY, ULTRASTRUCTURE, AND DNA SEQUENCING

Geitlerinema amphibium (C. Agardh ex Gomont) Anagn. and G. unigranulatum (Rama N. Singh) Komarek et M. T. P. Azevedo are morphologically close species with characteristics frequently overlapping. Ten strains of Geitlerinema (six of G. amphibium and four of G. unigranulatum) were analyzed by DNA sequencing and transmission electronic and optical microscopy. Among the investigated strains, the two species were not separated with respect to cellular dimensions, and cellular width was the most varying characteristic. The number and localization of granules, as well as other ultrastructural characteristics, did not provide a means to discriminate between the two species. The two species were not separated either by geography or environment. These results were further corroborated by the analysis of the cpcB-cpcA intergenic spacer (PC-IGS) sequences. Given the fact that morphology is very uniform, plus the coexistence of these populations in the same habitat, it would be nearly impossible to distinguish between them in nature. On the other hand, two of the analyzed strains were distinct from all others based on the PC-IGS sequences, in spite of their morphological similarity. PC-IGS sequences indicate that these two strains could be a different species of Geitlerinema. Using morphology, cell ultrastructure, and PC-IGS sequences, it is not possible to distinguish G. amphibium and G. unigranulatum. Therefore, they should be treated as one species, G. unigranulatum as a synonym of G. amphibium.FAPESP[2004/01749-6]CNPq (Brazilian Council for Research and Development)MCBO[302439/2002-1]MCBO[300794/2004-5]ANM[15111-2002-9]ANM[300612/2005-2]MCO[470417/2006-4]MCO[301217/2007-6

Localization of Pantoea ananatis inside lesions of maize White Spot Disease using transmission electron microscopy and molecular techniques

The etiological agent of maize white spot (MWS) disease has been a subject of controversy and discussion. Initially the disease was described as Phaeosphaeria leaf spot caused by Phaeosphaeria maydis. Other authors have Suggested the existence of different fungal species causing similar symptoms. Recently, a bacterium, Pantoea ananatis, was described as the causal agent of this disease. The purpose of this Study was to offer additional information on the correct etiology of this disease by providing visual evidence of the presence of the bacterium in the interior of the MWS lesions by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and molecular techniques. The TEM allowed Visualization of a large amount of bacteria in the intercellular spaces of lesions collected from both artificially and naturally infected plants. Fungal structures were not visualized in young lesions. Bacterial primers for the 16S rRNA and rpoB genes were used in PCR reactions to amplify DNA extracted from water-soaked (young) and necrotic lesions. The universal fungal oligonucleotide ITS4 was also included to identity the possible presence of fungal structures inside lesions. Positive PCR products from water-soaked lesions, both from naturally and artificially inoculated plants, were produced with bacterial primers, whereas no amplification was observed when ITS4 oligonucleotide was used. On the other hand, DNA amplification with ITS4 primer was observed when DNA was isolated from necrotic (old) lesions. These results reinforced previous report of P. ananatis as the primary pathogen and the hypothesis that fungal species may colonize lesions pre-established by P. ananatis.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico - CNPqFundacao Arauaria ParanaUniversidade Estadual de Londrin