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    Steady-state anatomical and quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of the heart using RF-frequencymodulated techniques

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    Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States and Europe and generates healthcare costs of hundreds of billions of dollars annually. Conventional methods of diagnosing CVD are often invasive and carry risks for the patient. For example, the gold standard for diagnosing coronary artery disease, a major class of CVD, is x-ray coronary angiography, which has the disadvantages of being invasive, being expensive, using ionizing radiation, and having a ris k of complications. Conversely, coronary MR angiography (MRA) does not use ionizing radiation, can effectively visualize tissues without the need for exogenous contrast agents, and benefits from an adaptable temporal resolution. However, the acquisition time of cardiac MRI is far longer than the temporal scales of cardiac and respiratory motion, necessitating some method of compensating for this motion. The free-running framework is a novel development in our lab, benefitting from advances over the past three decades, that attempts to address disadvantages of previous cardiac MRI approaches: it provides fully self-gated 5D cardiac MRI with a simplified workflow, improved ease-of-use, reduced operator dependence, and automatic patient-specific motion detection. Free-running imaging increases the amount of information available to the clinician and is flexible enough to be translated to different app lications within cardiac MRI. Moreover, the self-gating of the free-running framework decoupled the acquisition from the motion compensation and thereby opened up cardiac MRI to the wider class of steady-state-based techniques utilizing balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) sequences, which have the benefits of practical simplicity and high signal-to-noise ratio. The focus of this thesis was therefore on the application of steady- state techniques to cardiac MRI. The first part addressed the long acquisition time of the current free-running framework and focused on anatomical coronary imaging. The published protocol of the free- running framework used an interrupted bSSFP acquisition where CHESS fat saturation modules were inserted to provide blood-fat contrast, as they suppress the signal of fat tissue surrounding the coronary arteries, and were followed by ramp-up pulses to reduce artefacts arising from the return to steady-state. This interrupted acquisition, however, suffered from an interrupted steady-state, reduced time efficiency, and higher specific absorption rate (SAR). Using novel lipid-insensitive binomial off-resonant RF excitation (LIBRE) pulses developed in our lab, the first project showed that LIBRE pulses incorporated into an uninterrupted free-running bSSFP sequence could be successfully used for 5D cardiac MRI at 1.5T. The free-running LIBRE approach reduced the acquisition time and SAR relative to the previous interrupted approach while maintaining image quality and vessel conspicuity. Furthermore, this had been the first successful use of a fat-suppressing RF excitation pulse in an uninterrupted bSSFP sequence for cardiac imaging, demonstrating that uninterrupted bSSFP can be used for cardiac MRI and addressing the problem of clinical sequence availability. Inspired by the feasibility of uninterrupted bSSFP for cardiac MRI, the second part investigated the potential of PLANET, a novel 3D multiparametric mapping technique, for free-running 5D myocardial mapping. PLANET utilizes a phase-cycled bSSFP acquisition and a direct ellipse-fitting algorithm to calculate T1 and T2 relaxation times, which suggested that it could be readily integrated into the free-running framework without interrupting the steady-state. After initially calibrating the acquisition, the possibility of accelerating the static PLANET acquisition was explored prior to applying it to the moving heart. It was shown that PLANET accuracy and precision could be maintained with two-fold acceleration with a 3D Cartesian spiral trajectory, suggesting that PLANET for myocardial mapping with the free-running 5D radial acquisition is feasible. Further work should investigate optimizing the reconstruction scheme, improving the coil sensitivity estimate, and examining the use of the radial trajectory with a view to implementing free-running 5D myocardial T1 and T2 mapping. This thesis presents two approaches utilizing RF-frequency-modulated steady-state techniques for cardiac MRI. The first approach involved the novel application of an uninterrupted bSSFP acquisition with off-resonant RF excitation for anatomical coronary imaging. The second approach investigated the use of phase-cycled bSSFP for free-running 5D myocardial T1 and T2 mapping. Both methods addressed the challenge of clinical availability of sequences in cardiac MRI, by showing that a common and simple sequence like bSSFP can be used for acquisition while the steps of motion compensation and reconstruction can be handled offline, and thus have the potential to improve adoption of cardiac MRI. -- Les maladies cardiovasculaires (MCV) reprĂ©sentent la principale cause de dĂ©cĂšs aux États-Unis et en Europe et gĂ©nĂšrent des coĂ»ts de santĂ© de plusieurs centaines de milliards de dollars par an. Les mĂ©thodes conventionnelles de diagnostic des MCV sont souvent invasives et comportent des risques pour le patient. Par exemple, la mĂ©thode de rĂ©fĂ©rence pour le diagnostic de la maladie coronarienne, une catĂ©gorie majeure de MCV, est la coronarographie par rayons X qui a comme inconvĂ©nients son caractĂšre invasif, son coĂ»t, l’utilisation de rayonnements ionisants et le risque de complications. A l’inverse, l'angiographie coronarienne par rĂ©sonance magnĂ©tique (ARM) n'utilise pas de rayonnements ionisants, permet de visualiser efficacement les tissus sans avoir recours Ă  des agents de contraste exogĂšnes et bĂ©nĂ©ficie d'une rĂ©solution temporelle ajustable. Cependant, le temps d'acquisition en IRM cardiaque est bien plus long que les Ă©chelles temporelles des mouvements cardiaques et respiratoires en jeu, ce qui rend la compensation de ces mouvements indispensable. Le cadre dit de « free -running » est un nouveau dĂ©veloppement de notre laboratoire qui bĂ©nĂ©ficie des progrĂšs rĂ©alisĂ©s au cours des trois derniĂšres dĂ©cennies et tente de remĂ©dier aux inconvĂ©nients des approches prĂ©cĂ©dentes pour l'IRM cardiaque : il fournit une IRM cardiaque en cinq dimensions (5D) complĂštement « self-gated » , c’est-Ă -dire capable de dĂ©tecter les mouvements cardiaques et respiratoires, forte d’une implĂ©mentation simplifiĂ©e, d’une plus grande facilitĂ© d'utilisation, d’une dĂ©pendance rĂ©duite vis-Ă -vis de l'opĂ©rateur et d’une dĂ©tection automatique des mouvements spĂ©cifiques du patient. L'imagerie « free- running » augmente la quantitĂ© d'informations Ă  disposition du clinicien et est suffisamment flexible pour ĂȘtre appliquĂ©e Ă  diffĂ©rents domaines de l'IRM cardiaque. De plus, le « self-gating » du cadre « free-running » a dĂ©couplĂ© l'acquisition de la compensation de mouvement et a ainsi ouvert l'IRM cardiaque Ă  la classe plus large des techniques basĂ©es sur l'Ă©tat stationnaire utilisant des sĂ©quences de prĂ©cession libre Ă©quilibrĂ©e en Ă©tat stationnaire (bSSFP), qui se distinguent par leur simplicitĂ© d’utilisation et leur rapport signal sur bruit Ă©levĂ©. Le thĂšme de cette thĂšse est donc l'application des techniques basĂ©es sur l'Ă©tat stationnaire Ă  l'IRM cardiaque. La premiĂšre partie porte sur le long temps d'acquisition de l'actuel cadre « free-running» et se concentre sur l'imagerie anatomique coronaire. Le protocole publiĂ© utilise une acquisition bSSFP interrompue oĂč des modules de saturation de graisse (CHESS) sont insĂ©rĂ©s de façon Ă  fournir un contraste sang-graisse puisqu’ils suppriment le signal du tissu graisseux entourant les artĂšres coronaires, et sont suivis par des impulsions en rampe pour rĂ©duire les artefacts rĂ©sultant du retour Ă  l'Ă©tat stable. Cette acquisition interrompue souffre cependant d'un Ă©tat d'Ă©quilibre interrompu, d'une efficacitĂ© temporelle rĂ©duite et d'un dĂ©bit d'absorption spĂ©cifique (DAS) plus Ă©levĂ©. En utilisant les nouvelles impulsions d'excitation radiofrĂ©quence (RF) binomiales hors -rĂ©sonance insensibles aux lipides (LIBRE) dĂ©veloppĂ©es dans notre laboratoi re, ce premier projet montre que les impulsions LIBRE incorporĂ©es dans une sĂ©quence bSSFP ininterrompue et « free-running » peuvent ĂȘtre utilisĂ©es avec succĂšs pour l'IRM cardiaque 5D Ă  1,5 T. L'approche « free-running LIBRE » permet de rĂ©duire le temps d'acquisition et le DAS par rapport Ă  l'approche interrompue prĂ©cĂ©dente, tout en maintenant la perceptibilitĂ© des artĂšres coronariennes. En outre, il s'agit de la premiĂšre utilisation rĂ©ussie d'une impulsion d'excitation RF supprimant la graisse dans une sĂ©quence bSSFP ininterrompue pour l'imagerie cardiaque, ce qui dĂ©montre le potentiel d’utilisation de la sĂ©quence bSSFP ininterrompue pour l'IRM cardiaque et rĂ©sout le problĂšme de la disponibilitĂ© de la sĂ©quence en clinique. InspirĂ©e par la faisabilitĂ© d’utilisation de la sĂ©quence bSSFP ininterrompue pour l'IRM cardiaque, la deuxiĂšme partie Ă©tudie le potentiel de PLANET, une nouvelle technique de cartographie 3D multiparamĂ©trique, pour la cartographie 5D du myocarde via l’imagerie « free-running ». PLANET utilise une acquisition bSSFP Ă  cycle de phase et un algorithme d'ajustement d'ellipse direct pour calculer les temps de relaxation T1 et T2, ce qui suggĂšre que cette mĂ©thode pourrait ĂȘtre facilement intĂ©grĂ©e au cadre « free - running » sans interruption de l’état d'Ă©quilibre. AprĂšs calibration de l'acquisition, nous explorons la possibilitĂ© d'accĂ©lĂ©rer l'acquisition statique de PLANET pour l'appliquer au cƓur. Nous dĂ©montrons que l'exactitude et la prĂ©cision de PLANET peuvent ĂȘtre maintenues pour une accĂ©lĂ©ration double avec une trajectoire 3D cartĂ©sienne en spirale, ce qui suggĂšre que PLANET est rĂ©alisable pour la cartographie du myocarde avec une acquisition radiale 5D « free-running ». D'autres travaux devraient porter sur l'optimisation du schĂ©ma de reconstruction, l'amĂ©lioration de l'estimation de la sensibilitĂ© de l’antenne et l'examen de l'utilisation de la trajectoire radiale en vue de la mise en Ɠuvre de la cartographie 5D « free-running » T1 et T2 du myocarde. Cette thĂšse prĂ©sente deux approches utilisant des techniques de modulation de frĂ©quence radio en Ă©tat stationnaire pour l'IRM cardiaque. La premiĂšre approche implique l'application nouvelle d'une acquisition bSSFP ininterrompue avec une excitation RF hors rĂ©sonance pour l'imagerie anatomique coronaire. La seconde approche porte sur l'utilisation d’une sĂ©quence bSSFP Ă  cycle de phase pour la cartographie 5D T1 et T2 du myocarde. Ces deux mĂ©thodes permettent de rĂ©pondre au dĂ©fi posĂ© par la disponibilitĂ© des sĂ©quences en IRM cardiaque en montrant qu'une sĂ©quence commune et simple comme la bSSFP peut ĂȘtre utilisĂ©e pour l'acquisition, tandis que les Ă©tapes de compensation du mouvement et de reconstruction peuvent ĂȘtre traitĂ©es hors ligne. Ainsi, ces mĂ©thodes ont le potentiel de favoriser l'adoption de l'IRM cardiaque

    Data-driven tensor independent component analysis for model-based connectivity neurofeedback

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    Neurofeedback based on real-time functional MRI is an emerging technique to train voluntary control over brain activity in healthy and disease states. Recent developments even allow for training of brain networks using connectivity feedback based on dynamic causal modeling (DCM). DCM is an influential hypothesis-driven approach that requires prior knowledge about the target brain network dynamics and the modulatory influences. Data-driven approaches, such as tensor independent component analysis (ICA), can reveal spatiotemporal patterns of brain activity without prior assumptions. Tensor ICA allows flexible data decomposition and extraction of components consisting of spatial maps, time-series, and session/subject-specific weights, which can be used to characterize individual neurofeedback regulation per regulation trial, run, or session. In this study, we aimed to better understand the spatiotemporal brain patterns involved and affected by model-based feedback regulation using data-driven tensor ICA. We found that task-specific spatiotemporal brain patterns obtained using tensor ICA were highly consistent with model-based feedback estimates. However, we found that the DCM approach captured specific network interdependencies that went beyond what could be detected with either general linear model (GLM) or ICA approaches. We also found that neurofeedback-guided regulation resulted in activity changes that were characteristic of the mental strategies used to control the feedback signal, and that these activity changes were not limited to periods of active self-regulation, but were also evident in distinct gradual recovery processes during subsequent rest periods. Complementary data-driven and model-based approaches could aid in interpretation of the neurofeedback data when applied post-hoc, and in the definition of the target brain area/pattern/network/model prior to the neurofeedback training study when applied to the pilot data. Systematically investigating the triad of mental effort, spatiotemporal brain network changes, and activity and recovery processes might lead to a better understanding of how learning with neurofeedback is accomplished, and how such learning can cause plastic brain changes along with specific behavioral effects
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