1865-02-16, James to mother and sister

This collection contains two letters written by Cpl. James D. Marshall of the Union Army to his mother and sister during the Civil War.https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/jdmarshall_correspondence/1001/thumbnail.jp

1864-11-12, James to mother

This collection contains two letters written by Cpl. James D. Marshall of the Union Army to his mother and sister during the Civil War.https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/jdmarshall_correspondence/1000/thumbnail.jp

Infrared spectrum and stability of a π-type hydrogen-bonded complex between the OH and C2H2 reactants

A hydrogen-bonded complex between the hydroxyl radical and acetylene has been stabilized in the reactant channel well leading to the addition reaction and characterized by infrared action spectroscopy in the OH overtone region. Analysis of the rotational band structure associated with the a-type transition observed at 6885.53(1) cm−1 (origin) reveals a T-shaped structure with a 3.327(5) Å separation between the centers of mass of the monomer constituents. The OH (v = 1) product states populated following vibrational predissociation show that dissociation proceeds by two mechanisms: intramolecular vibrational to rotational energy transfer and intermolecular vibrational energy transfer. The highest observed OH product state establishes an upper limit of 956 cm−1 for the stability of the π-type hydrogen-bonded complex. The experimental results are in good accord with the intermolecular distance and well depth at the T-shaped minimum energy configuration obtained from complementary ab initio calculations, which were carried out at the restricted coupled cluster singles, doubles, noniterative triples level of theory with extrapolation to the complete basis set limit

Shoreline Processes near Barrow, Alaska: A Comparison of the Normal and the Catastrophic

The normal average yearly net transport of sediment along the Alaska coast west of Pt Barrow to the NE is 10,000 yd³, to the east of Barrow, 9,500 yd³. An Oct 1963 storm with gusts of up to 75 mi/hr, over an ice-free ocean, produced 10-ft waves and a storm surge of 11-12 ft; it moved >200,000 yd³ sediment, caused coastal flooding and >$3 million damage. If climate is warming, such storms can be expected more frequently. The normal daily tide at Barrow is about 6 in (except in storm) and an additional monthly variation of about 5 in. Storm tides of several feet are caused by rise of sea level under a low pressure area and by onshore wind. Ice damps waves and wave-generated currents. Freeze-up occurs 2 Sept- 19 Dec, breakup 17-23 July. Even when considered open and navigable, the water may have scattered ice near Barrow and sea ice a few mi offshore, which would act as a damper of waves. The northern Alaska coast is one of transgression, with the recent dominant action of coastal submergence. The gravel along beaches cannot be replaced by natural processes without a large amount of erosion. It should be left in place as protection.Évolution du rivage près de Barrow, Alaska : comparaison entre le normal et le catastrophique. Entre 1948 et 1952, des études sur le mouvement des sédiments le long de la côte de l'Alaska, à l'ouest de Point Barrow, ont indiqué un transport annuel moyen normal vers le nord-est de 10,000 yards cubes (7645 m³). Des études analogues entreprises en 1958 indiquaient un mouvement vers le sud-est de 9,500 yards cubes (7263 m³).Le 3 octobre 1963, une tempête, accompagnée de rafales atteignant 75 milles à l'heure (120 kmh) souffla sur l'océan libre de glace et vint frapper la côte. Des vagues estimées à 10 pieds (2,05 m), renforcées d'une vague de fond causée par la tempête et haute de 11 à 12 pieds (3,35-3,65 m), inondèrent les régions côtières et causèrent pour plus de millions de dollars de dégâts. Cette tempête – probablement une tempête de "deux siècles" – déplaça plus de 200,000 yards cubes (152,900 m³) de sédiments, soit le transport normal de vingt années. Si le climat est véritablement en train de se réchauffer, il faut s'attendre à ce que de telles tempêtes se produisent plus fréquemment. Les constructions voisines de la côte devront donc être prévues en conséquence

Evidence for partial quenching of orbital angular momentum upon complex formation in the infrared spectrum of OH-acetylene

The entrance channel leading to the addition reaction between the hydroxyl radical and acetylene has been examined by spectroscopic characterization of the asymmetric CH stretching band of the π-hydrogen bonded OH-acetylene reactant complex. The infrared action spectrum observed at 3278.6 cm−1 (origin) consists of seven peaks of various intensities and widths, and is very different from those previously reported for closed-shell HF/HCl-acetylene complexes. The unusual spectrum arises from a partial quenching of the OH orbital angular momentum in the complex, which in turn is caused by a significant splitting of the OH monomer orbital degeneracy into 2A′ and 2A″ electronic states. The magnitude of the 2A′−2A″ splitting as well as the A rotational constant for the OH-acetylene complex are determined from the analysis of this b-type infrared band. The most populated OH product rotational state, jOH = 9/2, is consistent with intramolecular vibrational energy transfer to the ν2 C≡C stretching mode of the departing acetylene fragment. The lifting of the OH orbital degeneracy and partial quenching of its electronic orbital angular momentum indicate that the electronic changes accompanying the evolution of reactants into products have begun to occur in the reactant complex

Short-Term Climate Changes and Coastal Erosion, Barrow, Alaska

Records of shoreline and bluff positions in the vicinity of Barrow, Alaska, have been obtained from aerial photographs and taped measurements for intervals between 1948 and 1969. Although the source material in the bluffs is frozen and masses of pure ice are present, temperature and rainfall data fail to show any marked correlation with the retreat of the bluff face or with the retreat of the fronting or downdrift beaches. Removal of beach material for construction and frequency of storms from the west do show a relationship. Recorded retreats of the bluffs up to 3 m per year and of the beaches up to 4 m per year have resulted where there has been excessive beach borrow or where a series of severe storms have attacked the coast

Implementation of a geometrically informed and energetically constrained mesoscale eddy parameterization in an ocean circulation model

The global stratification and circulation of the ocean and their sensitivities to changes in forcing depend crucially on the representation of the mesoscale eddy field. Here, a geometrically informed and energetically constrained parameterization framework for mesoscale eddies --- termed GEOMETRIC --- is proposed and implemented in three-dimensional primitive equation channel and sector models. The GEOMETRIC framework closes mesoscale eddy fluxes according to the standard Gent--McWilliams scheme, but with the eddy transfer coefficient constrained by the depth-integrated eddy energy field, provided through a prognostic eddy energy budget evolving with the mean state. It is found that coarse resolution calculations employing GEOMETRIC broadly reproduce model sensitivities of the eddy permitting reference calculations in the emergent circumpolar transport, meridional overturning circulation profile and the depth-integrated eddy energy signature; in particular, eddy saturation emerges in the sector configuration. Some differences arise, attributed here to the simple prognostic eddy energy budget employed, to be improved upon in future investigations. The GEOMETRIC framework thus proposes a shift in paradigm, from a focus on how to close for eddy fluxes, to focusing on the representation of eddy energetics.Comment: 19 pages, 9 figures, submitted to Journal of Physical Oceanography; comments welcome. (Copyright statement: see section 7a of https://www.ametsoc.org/ams/index.cfm/publications/ethical-guidelines-and-ams-policies/ams-copyright-policy/

A Directly-Written Monolithic Waveguide-Laser Incorporating a DFB Waveguide-Bragg Grating

We report the fabrication and performance of the first C-band directly-written monolithic waveguide-laser. The waveguide-laser device was created in an Erbium and Ytterbium doped phosphate glass host and consisted of an optical waveguide that included a distributed feedback Bragg grating structure. The femtosecond laser direct-write technique was used to create both the waveguide and the waveguide-Bragg grating simultaneously and in a single processing step. The waveguide-laser was optically pumped at approximately 980 nm and lased at 1537nm with a bandwidth of less than 4 pm.Comment: 6 pages, 13 references, 4 figure