MEAT AND BONE MEAL IN ANIMAL FEED – PAST OR FUTURE?

Mesno koštano brašno dobiveno od životinjskih nusproizvoda podrijetlom od kopnenih sisavaca, peradi ili riba zbog svog dobrog aminokiselinskog sastava često se koristilo kao dodatak krmnim smjesama. Pojavom goveđe spongiformne encefalopatije i njenim dokazanim širenjem putem hrane koja sadrži životinjske bjelančevine, uporaba mesnog koštanog brašna za hranidbu životinja je najprije ograničena 1994. godine, a zatim i sasvim zabranjena 2001. godine. Statistički podaci pokazuju da je totalnom zabranom uporabe mesnog koštanog brašna u ishrani životinja pojavnost goveđe spongiformne encefalopatije značajno pala. Međutim postavljaju se pitanja: da li mesno koštano brašno treba zanemariti kao kvalitetnu sirovinu ako se njime izbjegava hranjenje istovrsnih životinja i da li uvođenjem mesnog koštanog brašna riskiramo pojavu novih oblika transmisivne spongiformne encefalopatije?Meat and bone meal derived from animal by-products originating from terrestrial mammals, poultry or fish because of its good amino acid composition was often used as a supplement to feed mixtures. With the advent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy and its proven spread through food that contains animal protein, the use of meat and bone meat in animal feeds was initially limited in 1994, and then completely prohibited in 2001. Statistical data show that a total feed ban on using meat and bone meal in animal nutrition significantly decreased bovine spongiform encephalopathy incidence. But the question is: should the meat and bone meal be ignored as a good quality raw material if one avoids feeding the same animal species and with the introduction of meat and bone meal do we risk the appearance of new forms of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy

Određivanje klenbuterola u svinjskoj jetri nakon dužeg davanja doze koja pospješuje rast

Liver concentrations of clenbuterol, a β2-adrenergic agonist, were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 12 female pigs on days 0, 7, 14 and 21 after prolonged administration of a growth-promoting dose of clenbuterol. The analytical procedure showed good recovery (>80 %), while intra-assay results showed acceptable variation in individual measurements for all samples to which 0.5, 2 or 5 ng/g clenbuterol were added (RSD 80 % clenbuterol depletion in pig liver occurred during the first 7 days after cessation of administration, however, more than 14 days were required for the clenbuterol concentration to fall below the maximal residual level of 0.5 ng/g. On day 21 of clenbuterol discontinuation, residues of the drug were detectable in pig liver (0.22 ng/g), suggesting that clenbuterol residues persist in liver as an edible tissue and may induce a risk for consumer health.U jetri krmača izmjerena je koncentracija klenbuterola, β2 adrenergičkog agonista, 0., 7., 14. i 21. dana nakon što im se prestala davati doza klenbuterola. Za određivanje klenbuterola primijenjena je imunoenzimska metoda (ELISA). Točnost je metode ve}a od 80 %, dok su vrijednosti relativne standardne devijacije (RSD) manje od 10 % za svako pojedinačno mjerenje uzorka kojemu je dodano 0,5, 2 ili 5 ng/g klenbuterola. Rezultati upućuju na to da se više od 80 % klenbuterola u jetri razgrađuje tijekom prvih 7 dana nakon prestanka davanja. Potrebno je više od 14 dana da bi koncentracija klenbuterola pala ispod maksimalno dopuštene razine od 0,5 ng/g. Maseni udjel klenbuterola u jetri (0,22 ng/g), izmjerena 21. dana nakon prestanka davanja, još je uvijek na razini koja se može odrediti, što pokazuje perzistentnost ostataka klenbuterola u jetri kao jestivom tkivu i može predstavljati rizik za zdravlje potrošača

Istraživanje održivosti konfekcioniranoga pilećega mesa.

The results of the analysis of 67 samples of pre-packed cut chicken meat showed that the stability or shelf life of chicken meat (kept on 4 ºC) is six days. Ammonia content was significantly increased after day 3 of storage and reached a maximum level of 9.90 ± 2.3 mg% in chicken fillets and 8.35 ± 1.98 mg% in chicken legs at the end of the investigation on day 6. As regards microbiological quality and contamination with microorganisms, Salmonella spp. (7,5%), S. aureus (17.9%), L. monocytogenes (4,5%) and Enterobacteria (40.30%) were found in the analysed samples of fresh chicken meat. Sulphite reducing clostridia and Campylobacter spp. were not found. Total bacteria count in chicken breast fillets was 4.22 ± 0.84 log10 cfu/g on day 1, 4.65 ± 0.74 log10 cfu/g on day 3 and 5.14 ± 0.86 log10 cfu/g on day 6 of storage. After one, three and six days of storage, total bacteria count in chicken legs was 3.60 ± 0.93 log10cfu/g, 4.01 ± 0.76 log10cfu/g, and 4.56 ± 0.85 log10 cfu/g, respectively. The overall results of the study suggest that the potentially significant risk of meat deterioration and increase in the number and diversity of bacteria species depends on the processing of chicken meat. Considering the obtained results of the study, the indication of shelf life of chicken meat for sale should be supplemented with the note “best before”.Rezultati pretrage 67 uzoraka pilećega mesa u komadima pokazali su da je održivost pilećeg mesa držanoga na temperaturi od 4 ºC šest dana. Sadržaj amonijaka je rastao nakon trećeg dana pohrane do maksimalne količine od 9,90 ± 2,3 mg% u uzorcima pilećih prsiju, odnosno 8,35 ± 1,98 mg% u uzorcima bataka i zabatakana kraju istraživanja, šestoga dana pohrane. U mikrobiološkoj pretrazi utvrđene su bakterije Salmonella spp. (7,5%), S. aureus (17,9%), L. monocytogenes (4,5%) i enterobakterije (40,30%). Sulfitreducirajuće klostridije i Campylobacter spp. nisu utvrđeni. Ukupni broj bakterija u uzorcima pilećih „filea“ bio je 4,22 ± 0,84 log10 cfu/g prvoga, 4,65 ± 0,74 log10 cfu/g trećega i 5,14 ± 0,86 log10 cfu/g šestoga dana pohrane. Prvoga, trećega i šestoga dana pohrane ukupni broj bakterija u pilećim batacima i zabatacima iznosio je 3,60 ± 0,93 log10 cfu/g, 4,01 ± 0,76 log10 cfu/g, odnosno 4,56 ± 0,85 log10 cfu/g. Rezultati istraživanja upućuju da potencijalni, značajniji rizik razgradnje mesa i povećanje broja i vrsta bakterija ovisi o načinu rasijecanja piletine. Uzimajući u obzir rezultate istraživanja preporučeni rok održivosti piletine u maloprodaji treba upotpuniti s oznakom „održivo do“

Antimikrobna osjetljivost bakterija Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Pasteurella multocida, Streptococcus suis i Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae izdvojenih iz dijagnostičkih uzoraka iz velikih svinjogojskih farmi u Hrvatskoj

The disk diffusion method was employed to assess the sensitivity of 256 Escherichia (E.) coli, 42 Salmonella spp. and 62 Streptococcus (S.) suis isolates to 13 antimicrobials, and of 108 Pasteurella (P.) multocida and 44 Actinobacillus (A.) pleuropneumoniae isolates to 14 antimicrobials. All study isolates were obtained from diagnostic material collected at 8 large pig breeding farms in Croatia. E. coli isolates showed the highest rate of resistance to oxytetracycline, streptomycin and ampicillin (98%, 91% and 85% of isolates, respectively), whereas 87% of the isolates were resistant to 4 or more antimicrobials. Salmonella spp. isolates were most sensitive to enrofloxacin and colistin (all isolates), whereas highest rate of resistance was recorded to oxytetracycline and streptomycin (86% and 67% of isolates, respectively). More than 90% of P. multocida isolates were sensitive to ampicillin, amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, cefotaxime, colistin, florfenicol and enrofloxacin, whereas the highest rate of resistance was observed to streptomycin and nalidixic acid (59% and 43%, respectively). S. suis isolates were most sensitive to cefotaxime and florfenicol (94% of isolates both), whereas the highest resistance was recorded to streptomycin (100%). All A. pleuropneumoniae isolates showed sensitivity to amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, cefotaxime, florfenicol and enrofloxacin, and more than 90% of these isolates were sensitive to penicillin G, ampicillin, colistin, gentamicin and spectinomycin, whereas the highest rate of resistance was recorded to nalidixic acid and streptomycin (59% and 36%, respectively). Sensitivity to all antimicrobials tested was recorded in 27% of A. pleuropneumoniae isolates, whereas 41% of these isolates were resistant to one, and 27% to 2-4 of the antimicrobials tested. Of the bacterial species included in the study, the highest rate of antimicrobial resistance included in the study, the highest rate of antimicrobial resistance was recorded in E. coli, and lowest rate in A. pleuropneumoniae isolates.Disk difuzijskom metodom istražena je osjetljivost 256 izolata Escherichia (E.) coli, 42 izolata Salmonella spp. i 62 izolata Streptococcus (S.) suis na 13 antimikrobnih lijekova, te 108 izolata Pasteurella (P.) multocida, i 44 izolata Actinobacillus (A.) pleuropneumoniae na 14 antimikrobnih lijekova. Svi su izolati bili izdvojeni iz dijagnostičkoga materijala s 8 velikih svinjogojskih farmi u Hrvatskoj. U E. coli najveći stupanj rezistencije utvrđen je na oksitetraciklin (98% izolata), streptomicin (91% izolata) i ampicilin (85% izolata), te je 87% izolata bilo rezistentno na 4 i više antimikrobnih lijekova. Izolati Salmonella spp. bili su najosjetljiviji na enrofloksacin i kolistin (svi izolati), a najveći postotak otpornosti utvrđen je na oksiteraciklin (86%) i streptomicin (67%). Više od 90% izolata P. multocida bilo je osjetljivo na ampicilin, amoksicilin s klavulanskom kiselinom, cefotaksim, kolistin, florfenikol i enrofloksacin. Najveća rezistencija bakterije P. multocida utvrđena je na streptomicin (59%) i nalidiksičnu kiselinu (43%). Izolati vrste Streptococcus suis bili su najosjeljiviji na cefotaksim i florfenikol (94% osjetljivih izolata), a najveća rezistencija utvrđena je na streptomicin (100%). Svi testirani testirani izolati vrste A. pleuropneumoniae bili su osjetljivi amoksicilin s klavulanskom kiselinom, cefotaksim, florfenikol i enrofloksacin, a više od 90% izolata bilo je osjetljivo na penicilin G, ampicilin, kolistin, gentamicin i spektinomicin. Najveća rezistencija utvrđena je na nalidiksičnu kiselinu (59%) i streptomicin (36%). Na sve testirane antimikrobne lijekove bilo je osjetljivo 27% izolata A. pleuropneumoniae, a 41% izolata bilo je rezistentno na jedan testirani antimikrobni lijek, dok je 27% izolata bilo otporno na 2 do 4 antimikrobna lijeka. Od testiranih bakterijskih vrsta najveći stupanj rezistencije imali su izolati E. coli, dok su izolati A. pleuropneumoniae imali najmanji stupanj rezistencije

Oestrogen effects of zearelenon in farm animals and risks for human and animal health

Zearalenon je mikotoksin, metabolit plijesni iz roda Fusarium. Žitarice i proizvodi na bazi žitarica su u ljudskoj prehrani, kao i u hranidbi životinja, među najzastupljenijim komponentama, a ujedno i vrlo pogodna sirovina za razvoj plijesni koje tvore mikotoksine. Izloženost farmskih životinja ovom mikotoksinu dovodi do poremećaja urogenitalnog sustava, dok jača akutna ili kronična izloženost prouzroče trajne posljedice na organima reproduktivnog sustava u vidu degenerativnih promjena testisa, jajnika (atrofija), steriliteta te pobačaja. Prijenos fuzarijskih mikotoksina u hranu životinjskog podrijetla (primarno mlijeko i meso) je općenito nizak te se stoga smatra da ove namirnice ne predstavljaju znatnu opasnost za zdravlje ljudi, ukoliko su farmske životinje unosile hranu kontaminiranu ovim mikotoksinima. Međutim, važan problem može predstavljati prisutnost zearalenona i njegovih metabolita u hranu životinjskog podrijetla te sinergijski učinak više različitih mikotoksina i brojnih metabolita u organizmu koji su po svojoj kemijskoj strukturi slični estrogenim hormonima te njihova pojavnost u hrani biljnog podrijetla koju potrošači učestalo konzumiraju. Kako bi se izbjegli negativni učinci zearalenona i ostalih fuzarijskih mikotoksina za zdravlje ljudi i životinja neophodno je sprječavanje rasta plijesni, sustavna kontrola hrane i hrane za životinje. Ukoliko do kontaminacije i dođe, nužna je i primjena efikasnih metoda detoksikacije, odnosno dekontaminacije onečišćenih sirovina i proizvoda.Zearalenon is a mycotoxin that is a metabolite of mould from the genus Fusarium. This mycotoxin in most frequently present in grains and grain products in human consumption and in animal diets, which are very suitable as a culture medium for the development of mycotoxin-producing moulds. The exposure of farm animals to zearelenon leads to urogenital disorders, while stronger acute or chronic poisonings may cause permanent damage to organs of the reproductive system, such as degenerative testicle changes, ovarian atrophy, sterility and abortion. Contamination of food of animal origin (primarily milk and meat) with Fusarium mycotoxins is low if farm animals were fed feed containing these mycotoxins, and thus these foodstuffs do not represent a significant threat to human health. However, a significant problem could be the transfer of zearalenon and its metabolites into foods of animal origin and the synergy effect of several different mycotoxins and numerous metabolites in the organism, which by their chemical structure resemble oestrogen hormones, Their incidence in feed of plant origin frequently consumed by consumers is also a concern. To avoid the negative effects of zearelenon and other Fusarium mycotoxins on animal and human health, it is necessary to prevent growth of moulds, and to ensure systematic control of mycotoxins in feed and food. However, if contamination occurs, it is necessary to apply efficient methods of detoxification and decontamination of raw materials and products