Pomological characteristics of autochthonous varieties in area of Žepče

Područje Žepča ima tradiciju u uzgoju voćaka, što posebice potvrđuju okućnice bogate starim, često naslijeđenim, ali još uvijek sačuvanim stablima. Riječ je o domaćim autohtonim sortama, udomaćenim sortama, starim donesenim sortama, najčešće nepoznatog podrijetla, ili čak njihovim tipovima, ali najbolje se razaznaju po lokalnim nazivima. U radu je opisano sedam autohtonih sorti jabuke: Petrovnjača, Sisa, Torulja, Zvečarka, Kanjuška, Kožara i Kraljica. U detaljno provedenoj pomološkoj obradi korištene su deskripcijske točke i drugi važni parametri (težina, oblik, boja pokožice, peteljkino i čašično udubljenje, boja mesa, sjemenke). Najmanje plodove ima sorta Sisa (71,04 g), a sorta Torulja ima vrlo krupne plodove (284,9 g). Plodovi su sočni do srednje sočni, izražene ugodne arome, a neki od plodova se odlikuju i izraženim mirisom. Plodovi sorte Kanjuška izrazito su aromatični i od svih sorata, ona ima najintenzivniji miris.The area of Žepče has had a long tradition of fruit growing, which especially prove the plots rich in old, often inherited, but preserved trees. We talk about domestic autochthonous varieties, domesticated varieties, old varieties of mostly unknown origin, brought over, or even their types, but they are best differentiated by their local names. This paper describes seven autochthonous apple varieties: Petrovnjača, Sisa, Torulja, Zvečarka, Kanjuška, Kožara and Kraljica. A pomological analysis has been done in details using descriptive points and other significant parameters (weight, shape, color of epidermis, stalk and calyx concavity, color of meat and seed). Sisa variety has the smallest fruits (71.04 g) and Torulja variety has very large fruits (284.9 g). Fruits are juicy to middle juicy with expressed pleasant aroma and some of the fruits have expressed odor. Fruits of Kanjuška variety are highly aromatic and have the most intensive odor among all varieties

IR Spectroscopy Study of the Amidation Reaction of N-(1-Azolecarbonyl)amino Acids on L-Phenylalanine Derivative Models

Behaviour of N-(1-azolecarbonyl)-L-phenylalanine (Azc-Phe-OH, 1a-d) and L-phenylalanine N-carboxy anhydride (L-Phe-NCA, 6) in the presence of triethylamine (TEA) or cyclohexylamine was followed by IR spectroscopy. IR spectra were recorded in acetonitrile solutions. Attention was focused on characteristic absorptions of CO2 (2340 cm–1) and Azc, COOH or the anhydride group (1850-1600 cm–1). The obtained results corroborate N-carboxy anhydride as an intermediate in amidation reactions of Azc-amino acids

Oslobađanje celekoksiba iz mukoadhezivnih diskova s polimerima poliaspartamidnog tipa

A series of mucoadhesive disks with celecoxib as a model drug of very low aqueous solubility were prepared and characterized. Two polymers of polyaspartamide type, poly,-(N-2-hydroxyethyl-DL-aspartamide) (PHEA, 1) and its thiolated analogue poly[α,β-(N-2-hydroxyethyl-DL-aspartamide)]-poly[α,β-(N-2-thioethyl-DL-aspartamide)] copolymer (PHTA, 2a,b), and two commercially available polymers Carbopol 934P and hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose 4000 were used as excipients. Disks containing a mixture of equivalent amounts of thiomer 2b and Carbopol 934P as an excipient exhibited the highest dissolution rate.Pripravljeni su i karakterizirani mukoadhezivni diskovi s celekoksibom kao lipofilnom modelnom supstancijom. Kao ekscipiensi uporabljena su dva polimera poliaspartamidnog tipa, poli[α,β-(N-2-hidroksietil-DL-aspartamid) (PHEA, 1) i njegov tiolirani analog poli[α,β-(N-2-hidroksietil-DL-aspartamid)]-poli[α,β-(N-2-tioetil-DL-aspartamid)] kopolimer (PHTA, 2a,b), te dva komercijalno dostupna polimera Carbopol 934P i hidroksipropilmetilceluloza 4000. Najbolji profil oslobađanja celekoksiba postignut je iz diskova sastavljenih od tiomera 2b i Carbopola 934P u masenom omjeru 1:1

Kvantitativna analiza polifenola u nekim vrstama roda Teucrium L.

The research was conducted on the leaves and stems of the following species of the genus Teucrium: T. scordioides, T. fruticans and T. polium. Species of the genus Teucrium are widespread troughout the Mediterranean region and are used in folk medicine as antidiabetics, diuretics, diaphoretics, expectorants, cholagogues, spasmolytics and antiinflamatory drugs. The quantity of polyphenols was determined using spectrophotometric methods. The results were compared between different species, plant parts and, for T. polium, different collection sites. T. fruticans contained the highest quantity of flavonoids, 0.437% (0.347% in the leaves and 0.090% in the stems) and the lowest quantity of phenolic acids, 4.05% (2.67% in the leaves and 1.38% in the stems). T. polium (Korčula) contained the highest quantity of phenolic acids, 5.72% (3.67% in the leaves and 2.05% in the stems) and the lowest quantity of flavonoids, 0.150% (0.125% in the leaves and 0.025% in the stems). The content of flavonoids and phenolic acids was higher in the leaves than in the stems. T. scordioides contained the highest quantity of total polyphenols, 15.63% while T. polium (Lastovo) contained the lowest quantity, 10.71%. The quantity of tannins ranged from 1.00 to 4.02%. T. polium collected on Korčula contained higher quantity of phenolic acids, total polyphenols, polyphenols unadsorbed on hide powder and lower quantity of flavonoids and tannins than the same species collected on Lastovo

Oslobađanje celekoksiba iz mukoadhezivnih diskova s polimerima poliaspartamidnog tipa

A series of mucoadhesive disks with celecoxib as a model drug of very low aqueous solubility were prepared and characterized. Two polymers of polyaspartamide type, poly,-(N-2-hydroxyethyl-DL-aspartamide) (PHEA, 1) and its thiolated analogue poly[α,β-(N-2-hydroxyethyl-DL-aspartamide)]-poly[α,β-(N-2-thioethyl-DL-aspartamide)] copolymer (PHTA, 2a,b), and two commercially available polymers Carbopol 934P and hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose 4000 were used as excipients. Disks containing a mixture of equivalent amounts of thiomer 2b and Carbopol 934P as an excipient exhibited the highest dissolution rate.Pripravljeni su i karakterizirani mukoadhezivni diskovi s celekoksibom kao lipofilnom modelnom supstancijom. Kao ekscipiensi uporabljena su dva polimera poliaspartamidnog tipa, poli[α,β-(N-2-hidroksietil-DL-aspartamid) (PHEA, 1) i njegov tiolirani analog poli[α,β-(N-2-hidroksietil-DL-aspartamid)]-poli[α,β-(N-2-tioetil-DL-aspartamid)] kopolimer (PHTA, 2a,b), te dva komercijalno dostupna polimera Carbopol 934P i hidroksipropilmetilceluloza 4000. Najbolji profil oslobađanja celekoksiba postignut je iz diskova sastavljenih od tiomera 2b i Carbopola 934P u masenom omjeru 1:1

Ispitivanje antimikrobne aktivnosti Pelargonium radula (Cav.) L’Hérit

Antimicrobial activities of two ethanolic extracts made from fresh and dried leaves of Pelargonium radula (Cav.) L\u27Hérit, were tested against fourteen species of bacteria and fifteen species of fungi. The well-diffusion method indicated the strongest activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The broth dilution method revealed that the most sensitive microorganisms were Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens. Extract prepared from fresh leaves showed significantly higher antimicrobial activity than the extract prepared from dried leaves.Od svježih, odnosno suhih listova Pelargonium radula (Cav.) L’Hérit, pripravljena su dva etanolna ekstrakta. Antimikrobna aktivnost ekstrakata je ispitana na četrnaest bakterijskih vrsta i petnaest vrsta gljivica. Metodom difuzije najjače djelovanje pokazivao je ekstrakt na vrstu Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Najosjetljiviji mikroorganizmi u metodi dilucije bili su Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli i Serratia marcescens. Ekstrakt pripravljen od svježih listova pokazao je znatno veću antimikrobnu aktivnost od ekstrakta priređenog od suhih listova

Antimikrobna aktivnost flavonoida Pelargonium radula (Cav.) L’Hérit

Flavonoids from Pelargonium radula (Cav.) L\u27Hérit were purified by column chromatography. Two fractions were obtained: F1 (main flavonoid isoquercitrin) and F2 (main flavonoid rutin). In vitro antimicrobial activity of F1 and F2 were tested against eleven species of bacteria and eleven species of fungi. Both fractions demonstrated strong inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus rettgeri, Candida tropicalis and Microsporum gypseum. Staphylococcus sp. (coagulase-negative) and Candida lusitaniae were strongly inhibited only by fraction F1 and Fusarium graminearum only by fraction F2.Flavonoidi biljne vrste Pelargonium radula (Cav.) L’Hérit pročišćeni su kromatografijom na stupcu. Dobivene su dvije glavne flavonoidne frakcije: F1 (vodeći flavonoid izokvercitrin) i F2 (vodeći flavonoid rutin). Dilucijskom i difuzijskom metodom određena je antimikrobna aktivnost F1 i F2 na jedanaest bakterijskih sojeva i jedanaest sojeva gljivica. Obje frakcije pokazale su snažno inhibicijsko djelovanje na sojeve Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus rettgeri, Candida tropicalis i Microsporum gypseum. Na sojeve Staphylococcus sp. (koagulaza-negativan) i Candida lusitaniae snažno je djelovala samo frakcija F1, a na Fusarium graminearum samo frakcija F2

Razvoj i validacija HSS-GC-FID metode za određivanje sadržaja lakohlapljivih sastavnica sirupa za iskašljavanje za djecu

A cough syrup is a medicinal product used in an attempt to treat coughing and related conditions. Traditional herbs are used for preparation of cough syrup. There are two main categories of herbs that are used in preparation of cough remedies: expectorants and antitussives. For productive coughs, treatment with expectorants may be attempted to loosen mucus from the respiratory tract. For dry coughs antitussives are used to suppress the body’s urge to cough. Herbal medicinal products may contain significant levels of ethanol arising from its use as an extraction solvent in liquid extracts and tinctures. Although the use of ethanol is necessary for extraction of pharmacologically active compounds, it was found that some herbal medicinal products contain large amounts (up to 60 %) of ethanol with even less clinical need or benefit. In young children ingestion of even modest amounts of ethanol may lead to permanent neurological damage as result of hypoglycemia. Therefore, special attention should be given to the ethanol content of herbal medicinal products for pediatric use. At the moment the safety evaluation of the ethanol content of herbal medicinal products for pediatric use is not harmonized between different European Union Member States. Moreover, the lack of guidelines relating to safe limits of ethanol as part of herbal medicinal products for pediatric use has also led to different national labeling practices. Therefore, the aim of our work was to develop and validate a new HSS-GC-FID method for quantification of ethanol and its main impurity, methanol, present in children’s cough syrup

Sinteza konjugata fenoprofena i gemfibrozila s kopolimerom stirena i maleinske kiseline

Two types of polymer-drug conjugates were synthesized starting from styrene-maleic acid anhydride copolymer (SMA). Fenoprofen and gemfibrozil were chosen as model drugs because of their short plasma half lives. Both drugs were first converted to their 2-aminoethylamides, which possess free amino groups capable of reacting with SMA anhydride rings. By modifying the degree and type of substitution, lipophilic and hydrophilic conjugates were obtained. Drug loading in the conjugates was between 17 and 47%.U radu je opisana sinteza polimer-lijek konjugata polazeći od kopolimera stirena i anhidrida maleinske kiseline (SMA) i fenoprofena, odnosno gemfibrozila, ljekovitih tvari s kratkim vremenom zadržavanja u plazmi. Fenoprofen i gemfibrozil su prvo prevedeni u 2-aminoetilamide, koji su zbog slobodne amino skupine mogli reagirati s anhidridnim prstenovima u SMA. Modifikacijom tipa i vrste supstitucije pripravljeni su lipofilni i hidrofilni konjugati. Udio vezanog lijeka u konjugatima bio je između 17 and 47%