Preference of palm weevils for oil palm, caiaué, and for their interspecific hybrid

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar, em campo, a preferência do bicudo-das-palmeiras (Rhynchophorus palmarum) por estipes de dendezeiro (Elaeis guineensis), caiaué (Elaeis oleifera) e pelo híbrido entre caiaué e dendezeiro. O experimento foi conduzido no banco de germoplasma de dendê da Comissão Executiva de Planejamento da Lavoura Cacaueira. Entre os três genótipos testados, o caiaué é significativamente menos preferido por Rhynchophorus palmarum, seguido do híbrido interespecífico e do dendezeiro.The objective of this work was to determine, in the field, the preference of the palm weevil (Rhynchophorus palmarum) for trunks of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), caiaué (Elaeis oleifera), and for the interspecific hybrid between caiaué and oil palm. The experiment was carried out at the oil palm germplasm bank of Comissão Executiva de Planejamento da Lavoura Cacaueira, Brazil. Among the three tested genotypes, caiaué is significantly less preferred by Rhynchophorus palmarum, followed by the interspecific hybrid, andoil palm

Biological aspects of Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle, 1993 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

Diferentes parâmetros biológicos do parasitóide Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle, 1993 (Hym.: Eulophidae) foram estudados em cinco hospedeiros da Ordem Lepidoptera: Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Crambidae), Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, 1818, Heliothis virescens (Fabricius, 1781), Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797) (Noctuidae) e Thyrinteina arnobia (Stoll, 1782) (Geometridae). O parasitóide apresentou quatro ínstares larvais. A longevidade média estimada foi de 31,5 e 5,2 dias para fêmeas e 20,0 e 3,5 dias para os machos em regime de alimentação e não alimentação, respectivamente. O período de parasitismo foi de 11,4 dias, com média de 1, 1 dias de início de postura e 90,9 parasitóides por casal, com razão sexual de 0,95; fêmeas virgens originaram apenas indivíduos machos. Em temperaturas entre 18° e 30°C, determinou-se as exigências térmicas e o ciclo biológico, que foi de 37,2 dias (18°C) a 19,4 dias (28°C); a constante térmica do período ficou entre 353, 1 (D. saccharalis) e 407,7 graus-dia (Spodoptera frugiperda); o limite térmico inferior de desenvolvimento variou de 5,0° (A. gemmatalis) a 7,5°C (D. saccharalis) e o superior de 25,2° (A. gemmatalis) a 27, 1°C (H. virescens). A espécie não completou o ciclo biológico a 30°C, ocorrendo mortalidade na fase de pré-pupa. A faixa mais adequada para o desenvolvimento de P. elaeisis, nos diferentes hospedeiros, ficou entre 9,5° e 23,9°C. Não houve preferência entre os hospedeiros e o parasitismo variou de 90% a 100%. A espécie do hospedeiro influenciou significativamente o tamanho dos machos de P. elaeisis (S. frugiperda: 1,64 mm e H. virescens: 1,49 mm), mas não quanto ao tamanho das fêmeas. O sexo do hospedeiro foi significativo para o total de parasitóides, enquanto que para as espécies de hospedeiro não houve diferença estatística.This paper deals with the biological parameters of the parasitoid Palmistichus elaeisisDelvare & LaSalle, 1993 (Hym.: Eulophidae) on five Lepidoptera host pupae: Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Crambidae), Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, 1818, Heliothis virescens (Fabricius, 1781 ), Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797) (Noctuidae) e Thyrinteina arnobia (Stoll, 1782) (Geometridae). The parasitoid presents four larval instars. The mean longevity values were 31.5 and 5.2 days for the females and 20.0 and 3.5 days for the males, with and without food, respectively. The period of parasitism was 11.4 days, with a mean of 1.1 days for the preoviposition period, 90.9 offsprings per couple, and sex ratio of 0.95; virgin females give rise to male offsprings only. At temperaturas between 18° and 30° the following parameters were determined: thermal requirements and life cycle (egg-adult), which ranged from 37.2 days (18°) to 19.4 days (28°); the thermal constant of the period ranged from 353.1 (D. saccharalis) to 407,7 day-degrees (S. frugiperda); the low thermal threshold of development ranged from 5.0° (A. gemmatalis) to 7.5°C (D. saccharalis) and the high one from 25.2° (A. gemmatalis) to 27.1°C (H. virescens). The life cycle was not completed at 30° due to the mortality of the prepupal stage. The best temperature range for P. elaeisis development on the different hosts was between 9.5° e 23.9°C. No preference among the host pupae was observed and the parasitism ranged from 90% to 100%. The host pupae did significantly influence the size of P. elaeisis males (S. frugiperda: 1.64 mm and H. virescens: 1.49 mm), but not the size of the females. The sex of the host was significant for the total number of parasitoids, whereas for the different host species no statistical difference was observed

Biological aspects of Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle, 1993 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

Diferentes parâmetros biológicos do parasitóide Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle, 1993 (Hym.: Eulophidae) foram estudados em cinco hospedeiros da Ordem Lepidoptera: Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Crambidae), Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, 1818, Heliothis virescens (Fabricius, 1781), Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797) (Noctuidae) e Thyrinteina arnobia (Stoll, 1782) (Geometridae). O parasitóide apresentou quatro ínstares larvais. A longevidade média estimada foi de 31,5 e 5,2 dias para fêmeas e 20,0 e 3,5 dias para os machos em regime de alimentação e não alimentação, respectivamente. O período de parasitismo foi de 11,4 dias, com média de 1, 1 dias de início de postura e 90,9 parasitóides por casal, com razão sexual de 0,95; fêmeas virgens originaram apenas indivíduos machos. Em temperaturas entre 18° e 30°C, determinou-se as exigências térmicas e o ciclo biológico, que foi de 37,2 dias (18°C) a 19,4 dias (28°C); a constante térmica do período ficou entre 353, 1 (D. saccharalis) e 407,7 graus-dia (Spodoptera frugiperda); o limite térmico inferior de desenvolvimento variou de 5,0° (A. gemmatalis) a 7,5°C (D. saccharalis) e o superior de 25,2° (A. gemmatalis) a 27, 1°C (H. virescens). A espécie não completou o ciclo biológico a 30°C, ocorrendo mortalidade na fase de pré-pupa. A faixa mais adequada para o desenvolvimento de P. elaeisis, nos diferentes hospedeiros, ficou entre 9,5° e 23,9°C. Não houve preferência entre os hospedeiros e o parasitismo variou de 90% a 100%. A espécie do hospedeiro influenciou significativamente o tamanho dos machos de P. elaeisis (S. frugiperda: 1,64 mm e H. virescens: 1,49 mm), mas não quanto ao tamanho das fêmeas. O sexo do hospedeiro foi significativo para o total de parasitóides, enquanto que para as espécies de hospedeiro não houve diferença estatística.This paper deals with the biological parameters of the parasitoid Palmistichus elaeisisDelvare & LaSalle, 1993 (Hym.: Eulophidae) on five Lepidoptera host pupae: Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Crambidae), Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, 1818, Heliothis virescens (Fabricius, 1781 ), Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797) (Noctuidae) e Thyrinteina arnobia (Stoll, 1782) (Geometridae). The parasitoid presents four larval instars. The mean longevity values were 31.5 and 5.2 days for the females and 20.0 and 3.5 days for the males, with and without food, respectively. The period of parasitism was 11.4 days, with a mean of 1.1 days for the preoviposition period, 90.9 offsprings per couple, and sex ratio of 0.95; virgin females give rise to male offsprings only. At temperaturas between 18° and 30° the following parameters were determined: thermal requirements and life cycle (egg-adult), which ranged from 37.2 days (18°) to 19.4 days (28°); the thermal constant of the period ranged from 353.1 (D. saccharalis) to 407,7 day-degrees (S. frugiperda); the low thermal threshold of development ranged from 5.0° (A. gemmatalis) to 7.5°C (D. saccharalis) and the high one from 25.2° (A. gemmatalis) to 27.1°C (H. virescens). The life cycle was not completed at 30° due to the mortality of the prepupal stage. The best temperature range for P. elaeisis development on the different hosts was between 9.5° e 23.9°C. No preference among the host pupae was observed and the parasitism ranged from 90% to 100%. The host pupae did significantly influence the size of P. elaeisis males (S. frugiperda: 1.64 mm and H. virescens: 1.49 mm), but not the size of the females. The sex of the host was significant for the total number of parasitoids, whereas for the different host species no statistical difference was observed

FRUIT FLIES AND THEIR PARASITOIDS IN THE FRUIT GROWING REGION OF LIVRAMENTO DE NOSSA SENHORA, BAHIA, WITH RECORDS OF UNPRECEDENTED INTERACTIONS

ABSTRACT Several fruit fly species (Diptera: Tephritidae and Lonchaeidae) assume the status of primary pests in fruit trees grown in Brazil, causing direct production losses. The aims of the study were to know aspects of diversity of fruit flies and their parasitoids in the fruit growing region of Livramento de Nossa Senhora, Bahia. Fruit samples were collected from 19 plant species during November/2011 and June/2014. Infestation rates were calculated in pupae.kg-1 of fruit and pupae.fruit-1. The results indicate the occurrence of Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) and Neosilba pendula (Bezzi). Plant species Anacardium occidentale, Averrhoa carambola, Carica papaya, Eugenia uniflora, Malpighia emarginata, Mangifera indica var. “Haden”, “Rosa” and “Tommy Atkins”, Opuntia ficus indica, Pereskia bahiensis, Psidium guajava, Spondias lutea, Spondias purpurea and Spondias tuberosa are hosts of fruit flies in the region. Unprecedented bitrophic relationships between P. bahiensis and C. capitata and Anastrepha sp. and between Opuntia ficus indica and C. capitata and A. obliqua were recorded. Unprecedented tritrophic relationship for the state of Bahia Averrhoa carambola and C. capitata and parasitoid of the Pteromalidae Family were also recorded. Tritrophic associations between M. indica var. “Tommy Atkins” and S. purpurea and A. obliqua and Doryctobracon areolatus; and between S. purpurea and A. obliqua and Utetes anastrephae were observed

Phytochemical characterization and bioactivity of ethanolic extracts on eggs of citrus blackfly

ABSTRACT: The main objectives of this study were to determine the content of secondary metabolites (carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and tannins) of Argemone mexicana L., Ipomoea carnea Jacq. subsp. Fistulosa (Martius ex Choisy), Amorimia rigida (A.Juss.) W. R. Anderson, Ricinus communis L. and Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L. M. Perry using UV-VIS spectroscopy, and evaluating the bioactivity of the ethanolic extracts on citrus blackfly eggs (Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby, 1915). Pera sweet orange leaves infested with citrus blackfly eggs were treated by immersion in 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, and 10%; each replicate consisted of 30 eggs. The experimental design was completely randomized, with seven treatments and four replications. Three immersions of leaves with eggs were performed, and the mortality was evaluated seven days after the procedure. Leaves were placed in Petri dishes and kept in incubators [25±1°C; relative humidity (RH) 60±5% and 12 hours]. S. aromaticum peduncle presented high content of tannins and phenolic compounds, while R. communis leaves showed high content of phenolic compounds. The commercial product Bioneem© caused egg infeasibility greater than 85% at all concentrations. Treatments (10%) that caused the greatest egg mortality were Bioneem© (94.74%), R. communis extract (81.58%), and the extract of S. aromaticum peduncle (80.57%)

Preferência de Palmistichus elaeisis por pupas de diferentes lepidópteros praga Preference of Palmistichus elaeisis for pupae of some lepidopterous pests

Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle, 1993 (Hym., Eulophidae), uma espécie de endoparasitóide foi coletado em pupas de Sabulodes sp. (Lep., Geometridae), em área de eucalipto. Foram testadas quatro espécies de lepidópteros-praga: Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Crambidae), Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, 1818, Heliothis virescens (Fabricius, 1781) e Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797) (Noctuidae), com o objetivo de estudar a preferência para oviposição, visando a criação massal do parasitóide. Os resultados mostraram que a porcentagem de parasitismo variou de 90% (H. virescens) a 100%. Em D. saccharalis, o parasitóide P. elaeisis apresentou a maior razão sexual (0,98) e em H. virescens a menor (0,69). A espécie de hospedeiro influenciou significativamente o tamanho dos machos de P. elaeisis (1,64 mm em S. frugiperda e 1,49 mm em H. virescens), mas não o das fêmeas. O sexo do hospedeiro é importante no total de parasitóides produzidos, enquanto que as espécies do hospedeiro não interferiram no total de parasitóides produzidos.<br>Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle, 1993 (Hym.: Eulophidae) was found parasitizing pupae of Sabulodes sp. (Lep.: Geometridae) in an Eucalyptus plantation. To study the preference of this parasitoid for pupae of other lepidopteran pests, an experiment was conducted testing the following Lepidoptera species: Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Crambidae), Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, 1818, Heliothis virescens (Fabricius, 1781) and Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797) (Noctuidae). The percentage of parasitism ranged from 90% (H. virescens) to 100%. The highest value for the parasitoid sexual ratio was 0.98 for D. saccharalis, and the lowest was 0.69 for H. virescens. The host species significantly affected the size of P. elaeisis males (1.64 mm in S. frugiperda and 1.49 mm in H. virescens), and not that of females. The sex of the host had significant effect on the total number of parasitoids, whereas the host species had no statistical effect on the same variable

New records of occurrence of five species of Neosilba (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) in the State of Bahia, Brazil

This paper reports the record of new species of Neosilba in the State of Bahia: Neosilba bella Strikis & Prado; Neosilba cornuphallus Strikis; Neosilba dimidiata (Curran); Neosilba ilheuense Strikis and Neosilba pseudozadolicha Strikis. Frugivorous flies were captured by McPhail traps, using a hydrolyzed protein at 5.0%, as attractant, and also obtained of fruits samples of native and exotic plant species, which were collected in domestic orchards in the South of Bahia. The specimens of Lonchaeidae were identified according to McALPINE & STEYSKAL (1982), STRIKIS & PRADO (2006) and STRIKIS (2011)

LEVANTAMENTO E FLUTUAÇÃO POPULACIONAL DE MOSCASDAS- FRUTAS (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) EM GOIABA Psidium guajava L., NO MUNICÍPIO DE RUSSAS (CE)

This study aimed at knowing the diversity of fruit fly species (Diptera: Tephritidae) and discussing the influence of abiotic factors on the population fluctuation of these species on a guava (Psidium guajava L.) orchard in Russas, CE. Two McPhail traps baited with protein hydrolisate at 5% were set up on the orchard. The traps were serviced weekly and all the insects captured were transported to the laboratory where the fruit flies were separated from other insects, counted and preserved in alcohol (70%). The survey was carried out from January to December 2003. Tephritids were identified at the Laboratório de Moscas-das-Frutas at UFERSA, in Mossoró (RN). Population fluctuation was calculated based on the number of flies/trap/day, considering the total number of males and females of Anastrepha and Ceratitis. Climate data used in this study were obtained from CENTEC weather station. The correlation between population fluctuation and abiotic factors was analyzed using Spearman correlation coefficient at the 5% level. A total of 1,164 fruit flies belonging to four species were captured - Anastrepha zenildae Zucchi (77.45%), A. sororcula Zucchi (18.69%), A. obliqua (Macquart) (0.15%) and Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) (3.71%). Among the abiotic factors, temperature and relative humidity were the ones that most indirectly influenced the population fluctuation of fruit flies. However, the availability of host fruits is the preponderant factor that determines the populational peaks of fruit fly species throughout the year on this guava orchard in Russas (CE)