Prevalence and risk of hepatitis e virus infection in the HIV population of Nepal

Background: Infection with the hepatitis E virus (HEV) can cause acute hepatitis in endemic areas in immune-competent hosts, as well as chronic infection in immune-compromised subjects in non-endemic areas. Most studies assessing HEV infection in HIV-infected populations have been performed in developed countries that are usually affected by HEV genotype 3. The objective of this study is to measure the prevalence and risk of acquiring HEV among HIV-infected individuals in Nepal. Methods: We prospectively evaluated 459 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-positive individuals from Nepal, an endemic country for HEV, for seroprevalence of HEV and assessed risk factors associated with HEV infection. All individuals were on antiretroviral therapy and healthy blood donors were used as controls. Results: We found a high prevalence of HEV IgG (39.4%) and HEV IgM (15.3%) in HIV-positive subjects when compared to healthy HIV-negative controls: 9.5% and 4.4%, respectively (OR: 6.17, 95% CI 4.42-8.61, p < 0.001 and OR: 3.7, 95% CI 2.35-5.92, p < 0.001, respectively). Individuals residing in the Kathmandu area showed a significantly higher HEV IgG seroprevalance compared to individuals residing outside of Kathmandu (76.8% vs 11.1%, OR: 30.33, 95% CI 18.02-51.04, p = 0.001). Mean CD4 counts, HIV viral load and presence of hepatitis B surface antigen correlated with higher HEV IgM rate, while presence of hepatitis C antibody correlated with higher rate of HEV IgG in serum. Overall, individuals with HEV IgM positivity had higher levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) than IgM negative subjects, suggesting active acute infection. However, no specific symptoms for hepatitis were identified. Conclusions: HIV-positive subjects living in Kathmandu are at higher risk of acquiring HEV infection as compared to the general population and to HIV-positive subjects living outside Kathmandu

Suscetibilidade de Trypanosoma evansi à anfotericina B Trypanosoma evansi susceptibility to amphotericin B

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a suscetibilidade do Trypanosoma evansi in vitro e in vivo à anfotericina B. Nos testes in vitro, foram utilizadas quatro concentrações (0,06; 0,25; 1,0; 4,0µg mL-1) de anfotecicina B frente a uma suspensão de T. evansi em solução tampão fosfato rico em glicose (PBS - glicose). Para avaliar a eficácia in vivo, foram utilizados 15 ratos parasitados com T. evansi. Em dois grupos de cinco ratos infectados, doses únicas diárias de 1 (grupo A) e de 3mg kg-1 (grupo B) foram administradas via intraperitonial durante 10 dias, e a parasitemia foi avaliada por meio de esfregaço sanguíneo. Grupo C (n=5) foi utilizado como grupo controle positivo, infectados com T. evansi e não tratados, e o grupo D (n=5), como controle negativo. Os ensaios in vitro evidenciaram suscetibilidade de 100% do T. evansi à anfotericina B após 7h, em todas as concentrações avaliadas. Nos ratos, nem a maior dose testada curou os roedores, apesar de ter prolongado a vida destes em comparação à vida dos animais infectados, mas não tratados. Foi também investigada a função hepática e renal dos ratos após a terapia, e os parâmetros bioquímicos analisados mantiveram-se dentro da normalidade. Conclui-se que o T. evansi in vitro é suscetível à anfotericina B. A dose 3mg kg-1 testada aumentou a expectativa de vida de ratos infectados, porém não teve efeito curativo.<br>The aim of this study was to evaluate the Trypanosoma evansi susceptibility to amphotericin B in vitro and in vivo. Four concentrations (0.06, 0.25, 1.0, and 4.0µg mL-1) of amphotericin B were tested against a suspension containing T. evansi and phosphate buffer solution with glucose in the in vitro assay. Fifteen rats infected with T. evansi were used for the in vivo assay. Groups A (n=5) and B (n=5) received daily doses of 1 and 3mg kg-1 during 10 days and the parasitemia was estimated daily by microscopic examination of smears. The rats from group C (n=5) were the positive control and were infected but not treated. Rats from group D (n=5) were used as negative control. in vitro assays showed a 100% of susceptibility of T. evansi to amphotericin B after 7 hours, at all concentrations tested. The higher dose tested did not cure the rats, although treated rats had a longer life span in comparison to the non-treated group. Adverse effects on renal and hepatic hemodynamics were also researched. Biochemical parameters obtained were within the normal ranges. It was concluded that T. evansi is susceptible to amphotericin B in vitro. The dose of 3 mg kg-1 tested in rats increased life span, but did not cure the animals

Chilli anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum species§

Anthracnose disease is one of the major economic constraints to chilli production worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. Accurate taxonomic information is necessary for effective disease control management. In the Colletotrichum patho-system, different Colletotrichum species can be associated with anthracnose of the same host. Little information is known concerning the interactions of the species associated with the chilli anthracnose although several Colletotrichum species have been reported as causal agents of chilli anthracnose disease worldwide. The ambiguous taxonomic status of Colletotrichum species has resulted in inaccurate identification which may cause practical problems in plant breeding and disease management. Although the management and control of anthracnose disease are still being extensively researched, commercial cultivars of Capsicum annuum that are resistant to the pathogens that cause chilli anthracnose have not yet been developed. This paper reviews the causal agents of chilli anthracnose, the disease cycle, conventional methods in identification of the pathogen and molecular approaches that have been used for the identification of Colletotrichum species. Pathogenetic variation and population structure of the causal agents of chilli anthracnose along with the current taxonomic status of Colletotrichum species are discussed. Future developments leading to the disease management strategies are suggested